Histomorphometric assessment of Haversian canal and osteocyte lacunae in different‐sized osteons in human rib

Qiu, Shijing; Fyhrie, David P.; Palnitkar, Saroj; Rao, D. Srinivasa

doi:10.1002/ar.a.10058

Cited by 46 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…In mammals, osteon diameters are often larger than observed microcrack lengths (27,34,35), supporting the idea that the sizes of secondary osteons are a function of the amount of local microdamaged tissue they replace. Osteon size in fishes could suggest a difference in the average sizes of zones in need of repair and, therefore, an inherently different response to fatigue failure; however, the physiological and material responses of fish bone to microdamage (e.g., whether microcracks form at all in vivo) are at present unknown and require further investigation.…”

Section: Structural Properties Of the Bone Of The Billfish Rostrummentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Despite gross shape similarity between osteocytic and anosteocytic osteons, from a histomorphometric perspective, billfish osteons are strikingly different from those of mammals (27,28), having a spatial density that is effectively an order of magnitude higher (ranging between 150 and 250 osteons/mm 2 ) and being ∼50-90% smaller (typically less than 110 μm wide, with areas 0.004-0.021 mm 2 ) (Figs. 2, 3 A-D, and 4A).…”

Section: Structural Properties Of the Bone Of The Billfish Rostrummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In mammals, resorption cavity size dictates the size of the resulting osteon (27). The comparatively small osteons of billfishes may reflect the known morphological and functional differences between osteoclasts of advanced teleosts and those of mammals: In contrast to the giant multinucleate osteoclasts of mammals that excavate deep pits during resorption, fish osteoclasts are primarily mononucleate, extremely flat, and considerably smaller, performing instead a smooth (nonexcavating) resorption (32,33).…”

Section: Structural Properties Of the Bone Of The Billfish Rostrummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Remodeling in bone without osteocytes: Billfish challenge bone structure–function paradigms

Atkins

Dean

Habegger

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A remarkable property of tetrapod bone is its ability to detect and remodel areas where damage has accumulated through prolonged use. This process, believed vital to the long-term health of bone, is considered to be initiated and orchestrated by osteocytes, cells within the bone matrix. It is therefore surprising that most extant fishes (neoteleosts) lack osteocytes, suggesting their bones are not constantly repaired, although many species exhibit long lives and high activity levels, factors that should induce considerable fatigue damage with time. Here, we show evidence for active and intense remodeling occurring in the anosteocytic, elongated rostral bones of billfishes (e.g., swordfish, marlins). Despite lacking osteocytes, this tissue exhibits a striking resemblance to the mature bone of large mammals, bearing structural features (overlapping secondary osteons) indicating intensive tissue repair, particularly in areas where high loads are expected. Billfish osteons are an order of magnitude smaller in diameter than mammalian osteons, however, implying that the nature of damage in this bone may be different. Whereas billfish bone material is as stiff as mammalian bone (unlike the bone of other fishes), it is able to withstand much greater strains (relative deformations) before failing. Our data show that fish bone can exhibit far more complex structure and physiology than previously known, and is apparently capable of localized repair even without the osteocytes believed essential for this process. These findings challenge the unique and primary role of osteocytes in bone remodeling, a basic tenet of bone biology, raising the possibility of an alternative mechanism driving this process.anosteocytic bone | osteon | bone toughness | damage-driven remodeling | fish skeleton

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Section: Structural Properties Of the Bone Of The Billfish Rostrummentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Structural Properties Of the Bone Of The Billfish Rostrummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structural Properties Of the Bone Of The Billfish Rostrummentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Remodeling in bone without osteocytes: Billfish challenge bone structure–function paradigms

Atkins

Dean

Habegger

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…However, our specimens were generally from relatively young adults, and our observations did not reveal regions with lacunae that were plugged with hypermineralized tissue, which has been associated with aging, ischemia, or necrosis [Frost, 1960;Currey, 1964;Kornblum and Kelly, 1964;Jowsey, 1966;Stout and Simmons, 1979;Parfi tt, 1993]. In human bone, it has also been suggested that extensive death of osteocytes may not occur in osteons because of their younger bone age when compared to interstitial/primary bone [Qiu et al, 2003]. These observations, coupled with the estimated 'younger' ages of the animals used in the present study, suggest that there are a relatively small percentage of dead osteocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Osteocyte Lacuna Population Densities in Sheep, Elk and Horse Calcanei

Skedros¹

2005

Cells Tissues Organs

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Osteocytes, the most prevalent cell type in bone, appear to communicate via gap junctions. In limb-bone diaphyses, it has been hypothesized that these cellular networks have the capacity to monitor habitual strains, which can differ significantly between cortical locations of the same bone. Regional differences in microdamage associated with prevalent/predominant strain mode (tension, compression, or shear) and/or magnitude may represent an important ‘variable’ detected by this network. This hypothesis was indirectly addressed by examining bones subjected to habitual bending for correlations of osteocyte lacuna population densities (n/mm² bone area, Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar) with locations experiencing high and low strain, and/or prevalent/predominant tension, compression, and shear. We examined dorsal (‘compression’), plantar (‘tension’), and medial/lateral (‘shear’ or neutral axis) cortices of mid-diaphyseal sections of calcanei of adult sheep, elk, and horses. Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar data, quantified in backscattered electron images, were also evaluated in a context of various additional structural and material variables (e.g. % ash, cortical thickness, porosity, and secondary osteon population). Results showed significant differences in dorsal versus plantar comparisons with the highest Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar in dorsal cortices of sheep and elk (p < 0.0001); but this was a statistical trend in the equine calcanei (p = 0.14). There were no consistent transcortical (pericortical to endocortical) differences, and Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar in neutral axes was not consistently different from dorsal/plantar cortices. Correlations of Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar with structural and material parameters were also poor and/or inconsistent within or between species. These results provide little or no evidence that the number of osteocyte lacunae has a functional role in mechanotransduction pathways that are typically considered in bone adaptation. Although dorsal/plantar differences may be adaptations for prevalent/predominant strain modes and/or associated microdamage, it is also plausible that they are strongly influenced by differences in the bone formation rates that produced the tissue in these locations.

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“…However, this relation was not found in the equine third metacarpal and radius (Mason et al, 1995). Another study found that the size of an osteon in a human rib was found to be positively correlated with the size of its Haversian canal (Qiu et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

Shahar

Lukas

Papo

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The blood supply of bone cells in compact bone is provided primarily by blood vessels located within Haversian canals forming the centre of osteons. Mid-diaphysial cross-sections of radii and third metacarpal bones from two horses and radii from two mature dogs were studied using reflective light microscopy to quantify the spatial ordering of canals and compared to a computational model. The distributions of canals were analyzed using: 1) the autocorrelation function (ACF), which describes the probability of finding two canals separated by a given distance and 2) the shortest distance distribution (SDD), which describes the probability that a site within bone is located at a given distance from the nearest canal. The order in the investigated horse radii, as characterized by the oscillations of the ACF, was found to be independent of the anatomical location although, in the metacarpal bone the order was higher in the lateral than in the cranial location. Among the dogs, marked differences were only found in the ACF. An analysis of the SDD demonstrates that ordering of canals minimizes the distance of osteocytes from a blood vessel. This suggests that the efficiency of the blood supply can be adapted through differences in the order of the Haversian canals. In our model, the ordering of canals is achieved via an exclusion zone around each canal, imposed upon newly formed osteons. Simulations demonstrate that differences in the observed order can be explained by either a larger size or a larger variability of this exclusion zone. Anat Rec, 294:1093Rec, 294: -1102Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Histomorphometric assessment of Haversian canal and osteocyte lacunae in different‐sized osteons in human rib

Cited by 46 publications

References 20 publications

Remodeling in bone without osteocytes: Billfish challenge bone structure–function paradigms

Remodeling in bone without osteocytes: Billfish challenge bone structure–function paradigms

Osteocyte Lacuna Population Densities in Sheep, Elk and Horse Calcanei

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

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