Histology of 24 organs from Asian elephant calves (<i>Elephas maximus</i>)

Thitaram, Chatchote; Matchimakul, Pitchaya; Pongkan, Wanpitak; Tangphokhanon, Wasan; Maktrirat, Raktham; Khonmee, Jaruwan; Sathanawongs, Anucha; Kongtueng, Piyamat; Nganvongpanit, Korakot

doi:10.7717/peerj.4947

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The histological technique was employed as previous described in Nganvongpanit et al (2020) and Thitaram et al (2018) . First, tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and decalcified with 10% nitric acid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistency of dark skeletal muscles in Thai native black-bone chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Kriangwanich

Piboon

Sakorn

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Black-bone chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) have become economically valuable, particularly in Southeast Asia as a consequence of popular traditional Chinese medical practices. Chickens with whole body organ darkness are considered to have higher value and are, therefore, more often requested. This research study aimed to investigate the darkness in 34 skeletal muscles of 10 Thai black-bone chickens (five males and five females). The evaluation of muscle darkness was done on two levels: (i) a color chart was employed at the macroanatomical level and (ii) by using melanin pigment to evaluate the structure at the microanatomy level. The results revealed that the accumulation of melanin pigment in the muscle tissue was observed in the endomysium, perimysium and epimysium. With respect to the results of the color chart test, iliotibialis lateralis pars preacetabularis, gastrocnemius, fibularis longus and puboischiofemoralis pars medialis showed the highest degree of darkness, while serratus profundus, pectoralis, iliotibialis cranialis, flexor cruris lateralis, and flexor cruris medialis appeared to be the least dark. In addition, we found that the highest and lowest amounts of melanin pigment was noted in the flexor carpi ulnaris and pectoralis (p < 0.05), respectively; however, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) observed between the sexes. These results reveal that the 34 specified muscles of black-bone chickens showed uneven distribution of darkness due to the differing accumulations of melanin pigments of each muscle.This information may provide background knowledge for a better understanding of melanin accumulation and lead to breeding improvements in Thai black-bone chickens.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consistency of dark skeletal muscles in Thai native black-bone chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Kriangwanich

Piboon

Sakorn

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…Tissue preparation technique was employed following that which was described in previous studies [22]. Briefly, tissues were fixed in 10% neutrally buffered formalin for 24 h. The specimens were cut into 1 mm pieces, placed in plastic cassettes, and then processed in 10% formalin for 1 h (two changes), 95% ethanol for 1 h (three changes), absolute isopropyl alcohol for 1 h (two changes), xylene for 1 h (two changes), and Paraplast for 1 h (three changes).…”

Section: Histological Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Melanin Pigmentation in 33 Organs of Thai Black-Bone Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Nganvongpanit

Kaewkumpai

Kochagul

et al. 2020

Animals

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The black-bone chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a breed of chicken that is commonly found in Thailand. This breed is known for having a number of black colored organs. Consumers have been notably attracted to the black-bone chicken breed for the characteristic darkness that is observed in many of its organs. However, the degree of darkness in all organs of the black-bone chicken is still in question. Importantly, there have not yet been any published reports on the distribution of melanin pigment in the organs of the black-bone chicken. This research study aims to examine the distribution of the melanin pigment in 33 organs of the Thai black-bone chicken. Ten black-bone chickens (five male, five female) were included in this study. Thirty-two organs including the brain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, larynx, trachea, syrinx, lungs, heart, pericardium, aorta, brachial vein, kidney, cloaca, oviduct, testis, gastrocnemius muscle, femur, tongue, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, omentum, abdominal fat, spleen, and skin were examined in this study. Histological sections taken from tissue samples of each of these organs were studied. The findings revealed that the presence of the melanin pigment was not significantly different (p > 0.005) between male and female specimens. Notably, the liver was the only organ in which the melanin pigment had not accumulated. Consequently, there was not a uniform pattern of melanin pigment accumulation throughout the organs of the chickens. The melanin pigment was present in all of the tissue layers of most organs, while the melanin pigment was found in only specific layers of some of the organs. In conclusion, the distribution of melanin pigmentation in the organs of each of the animals in this study was found to be different. However, in some tissue samples, such as those obtained from the liver, no accumulation of the melanin pigment was observed.

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“…These 1-2 mm wide tubercles, mixed with cracks or wrinkles, create the honeycomb effect in the skin (Lillywhite and Stein 1987). A histological study on two 2year-old Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) calves showed the absence of a stratum lucidum and the presence of many melanocytes in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum (Thitaram et al 2018).…”

Section: Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation in elephants

Domínguez-Oliva

Ghezzi

Mora-Medina

et al. 2022

JABB

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Elephants use different thermoregulatory mechanisms that depend on the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the species. The crevices and wrinkles of the skin enhance the water-retention capacity of the epidermis. The highly vascularized ear is another region of particular interest, as its movement and vasomotor changes promote heat dissipation. Generally, these mechanisms are modulated by the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center and by the peripheral response of animals. Nonetheless, elephants are currently exposed to alterations in their habitats, such as global warming and climatic changes, which challenge their homeothermy. This article aims to discuss the thermoregulation mechanisms of African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants from an anatomical, physiological, and behavioral basis. The practical implications of these elements will be analyzed to implement tools, such as infrared thermography, or environmental enrichment, as strategies to promote the thermal balance of elephants.

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Histology of 24 organs from Asian elephant calves (Elephas maximus)

Cited by 7 publications

References 69 publications

Consistency of dark skeletal muscles in Thai native black-bone chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Consistency of dark skeletal muscles in Thai native black-bone chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Distribution of Melanin Pigmentation in 33 Organs of Thai Black-Bone Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Anatomical, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation in elephants

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