Histological identification of lugaro cells in the cat cerebellum

Melik-Musyan, A. B.; Fanardzhyan, V. V.

doi:10.1007/bf02463006

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…There were, however, a few morphological observations of particular interest. First, the Lugaro neurons in most of the current species resembled those described in the literature (Christ, 1985; Melik-Musyan and Fanardzhyan, 1998, 2004). They also resembled those identified by Braak and Braak (1983) in humans as Type II neurons despite Braak and Braak stating that these types of cells may be displaced basket neurons, a finding disputed by others (Lainé and Axelrad, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…In contrast, many Lugaro neurons in the elephant appeared distinctive because of their vertical orientation and idiosyncratic dendritic arrangements. These were unusual in the present sample, although they have been briefly described in the cat (Sahin and Hockfield, 1990; Melik-Musyan and Fanardzhyan, 1998) and the duck (O'Leary et al, 1968). Second, most of the traced Golgi neurons resembled those observed in the literature, and are consistent with Braak and Braak's (1983) Type I neuron designation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…There are, however, two morphological findings of particular functional interest in the present study: (1) the distinctive morphology and large size of Lugaro neurons in the elephant cerebellum, and (2) the presence of a palisade dendritic pattern for Purkinje neurons in the humpback whale. With regards to first observation, what remains unclear is whether the elephant Lugaro neurons are functionally connected in the same manner as demonstrated in other species, that is, whether they receive serotonergic input (Dieudonné and Dumoulin, 2000; Geurts et al, 2003), input from Purkinje neuron collaterals (Lainé and Axelrad, 1996; Geurts et al, 2003), and/or whether they project to molecular layer interneurons (Flace et al, 2004; Ambrosi et al, 2007) and to Golgi neurons (Melik-Musyan and Fanardzhyan, 1998; Dumoulin et al, 2001; Crook et al, 2006). The expansive dendritic arbors of elephant Lugaro neuorons would suggest a broad sampling of local input but, because we have no information on their axonal projections, it is unclear to what extent they exert inhibitory feedback on Purkinje neurons, modulate mossy fiber input, and/or contribute to long-term depression (Geurts et al, 2003; Melik-Musyan and Fanardzhyan, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates

Jacobs¹,

Johnson²,

Wahl³

et al. 2014

Front. Neuroanat.

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Although the basic morphological characteristics of neurons in the cerebellar cortex have been documented in several species, virtually nothing is known about the quantitative morphological characteristics of these neurons across different taxa. To that end, the present study investigated cerebellar neuronal morphology among eight different, large-brained mammalian species comprising a broad phylogenetic range: afrotherians (African elephant, Florida manatee), carnivores (Siberian tiger, clouded leopard), cetartiodactyls (humpback whale, giraffe) and primates (human, common chimpanzee). Specifically, several neuron types (e.g., stellate, basket, Lugaro, Golgi, and granule neurons; N = 317) of the cerebellar cortex were stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique and quantified on a computer-assisted microscopy system. There was a 64-fold variation in brain mass across species in our sample (from clouded leopard to the elephant) and a 103-fold variation in cerebellar volume. Most dendritic measures tended to increase with cerebellar volume. The cerebellar cortex in these species exhibited the trilaminate pattern common to all mammals. Morphologically, neuron types in the cerebellar cortex were generally consistent with those described in primates (Fox et al., 1967) and rodents (Palay and Chan-Palay, 1974), although there was substantial quantitative variation across species. In particular, Lugaro neurons in the elephant appeared to be disproportionately larger than those in other species. To explore potential quantitative differences in dendritic measures across species, MARSplines analyses were used to evaluate whether species could be differentiated from each other based on dendritic characteristics alone. Results of these analyses indicated that there were significant differences among all species in dendritic measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates

Jacobs¹,

Johnson²,

Wahl³

et al. 2014

Front. Neuroanat.

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“…Two dendrite trunks originate from the neuron opposite poles, run along the boundary between the Purkinje neuron body and granular layers, and ramify within the granular layer; the axon and its branches mainly projects towards the molecular layer (Lugaro 1894;Fox 1959;Braak 1974;Christ 1985;LainØ and Axelrad 1996;Melik-Musian and Fanardzhian 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive large neuron types in the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex

Flace

Benagiano

Lorusso

et al. 2004

Anatomy and Embryology

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'Non-traditional' large neurons of the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex include all its large neuronal types, except the Golgi neuron, which is instead one of the five 'classic' types of corticocerebellar neurons. The morphological, chemical and functional characteristics of the 'non-traditional' large neurons have not been entirely ascertained. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether morphological evidence can be provided of GABA synthesis within the 'non-traditional' large neurons of the human cerebellar cortex by means of immunocytochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Fragments of postmortem cerebellar cortex of various lobules from the hemispheres and vermis were studied. Immunoreactions revealed large neurons distributed throughout the granular layer in all lobules examined. They were discriminated by analyzing the morphological features of their bodies and processes and were identified as Golgi neurons and as some 'non-traditional' types, such as the candelabrum, Lugaro and synarmotic neurons. In addition, immunoreactive large neurons, with their bodies and processes closely adjacent to microvessels, were observed throughout the layer: these perivascular neurons could represent a new type of 'non-traditional' neuron of the cerebellar cortex. This study supplies the first indication that in the human cerebellar cortex some types of 'non-traditional' large neurons are GAD-immunoreactive, in addition to those neurons already known to be GABAergic (i.e., stellate, basket, Purkinje and Golgi neurons). These morphological data further point out possible functional roles for GABA as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in intrinsic, associative and projective circuits of the cerebellar cortex.

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“…In addition, we consistently recorded horizontal fusiform neurons lying in the deep parts of the granular layer. Some investigators tend to assign these neurons to the Lugaro cell population, on the basis of the common characteristics of their somatodendritic arborization [3,32,39]. However, we believe this to be an erroneous approach, since the axonal pattern and synaptic targets of deeply located fusiform neurons remain unknown.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Localization of NO synthase in lugaro cells and the mechanisms of NO-ergic interaction between inhibitory interneurons in the rabbit cerebellum

Okhotin

Калиниченко

2000

Neurosci Behav Physiol

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The identification of cerebellar cortex neurons is undergoing a renaissance. This is associated with the description of two new cell types in the cerebellum: unipolar brush neurons and candelabra cells [21,30]. These discoveries, however, do not fill the gaps in our knowledge of classical neurons, among which Lugaro cells have been the least studied.Recent observations have shown that in rabbits [2], Lugaro cells elaborate nitric oxide (NO) -they contain nitric oxide synthase (NOS), as they are selectively stained by reactions for NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d). This opens up the possibility of studying the topography and quantitative distribution of Lugaro cells in different parts of the cerebellum; this is the aim of the present work. MATERIALS AND METHODSStudies were performed using the brains of 10 adult rabbits. Animals were anesthetized with i.v. pentobarbital. Cerebella were extracted and placed on a glass and were separated into their anatomical segments, which were placed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.I M phosphate buffer pH 7.2 and fixed for 2 h at 4~ Specimens were then washed for one day in 15% sucrose at the same temperature and were then frozen in a cryostat. Parasagittal sections of thickness 40 ~tm were stained Laboratory for Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics (Director Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Professor L. I. Korochkin), Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.for ; some sections were stained with toluidine blue.The total numbers of Lugaro cells reacting significant substrates in the incubation medium were counted in the vermis, paramedian lobes, right and left paraflocculus (HVIIIB; HIX according to Larsell [23]), and in the flocculus. Continuous series of cerebellar sections from seven animals were studied by this method; counting included only those cells which had clearly visible nuclei and primary dendrite segments. The statistical significance of the results was assessed using Student's t test. 525 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONReactions for NADPH-d revealed basket and stellate cells in the molecular layer in sections of the rabbit cerebellar cortex, along with Lugaro cells, Golgi cells, and cells of the white matter; Purkinje cells (pyriform neurons) did not stain. The population of NADPH-d-positive granule cells was heterogeneous. High levels of enzyme activity were seen in granule cells of the paraflocculus and flocculus. These cells had low NADPH-d activity in other parts of the cerebellum: insignificant quantities of precipitate outlined only a narrow rim of cytoplasm without forming clearly visible boundaries. Some granule cells appeared NADPH-d-negative.Lugaro cells were located in the external pail of the granular layer immediately under Purkinje cell bodies and were recognized from their long horizontal dendrites, which intersected cerebellar leaves in the transverse direction [12,22,27]. NADPH-d-positive Lugaro cells were found in all parts of the cerebellum. They have very high enzyme activity, with formation in the cytoplasm of a rou...

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Histological identification of lugaro cells in the cat cerebellum

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates

Comparative neuronal morphology of the cerebellar cortex in afrotherians, carnivores, cetartiodactyls, and primates

Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive large neuron types in the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex

Localization of NO synthase in lugaro cells and the mechanisms of NO-ergic interaction between inhibitory interneurons in the rabbit cerebellum

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