“…However, it is not known whether long-term light-deprivation likewise increases oxidative stress concomitantly with the reported reduction in inflammation found in phototransduction-deficient diabetic animals. If so, the decoupling of oxidative stress from inflammation and ensuing DR can be (Tarchick et al, 2016) High fat diet & STZ in Balb/c mice 10-30 days of diabetes Reduced ONL thickness (Ren et al, 2017) STZ in C57BL/6 mice 2-12 weeks of diabetes Reduced ONL thickness form 10 weeks of age (Martin et al, 2004) STZ C57BL/6J mice 4-12 weeks of diabetes Progressive thinning of ONL (only peripheral retina) and OPL (central and peripheral retina) from 9-12 weeks (Piano et al, 2016) STZ in C57BL/6J mice 2-7 months of diabetes No difference in ONL thickness and number of ONL cell rows (Liu et al, 2016) Ins2 Akita 3-9 months of age Reduced OS to OPL thickeness, which progresses from 3 to 9 months of age, reduced cone, but not rod density (Hombrebueno et al, 2014) Mouse type 2 diabetes models C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice 8-24 weeks of age Reduced ONL thickness in the central (from 8 weeks) and peripheral retina (from 12 weeks) (Bogdanov et al, 2014) BKS.db/db mice 20-28 weeks of age Reduced ONL from 28 weeks (Yang et al, 2015) High fat diet in C57BL/6J mice 12 months of age No difference in ONL or OPL thickness (Rajagopal et al, 2016) Rat type 1 diabetes model STZ in Sprague-Dawley rats 24 weeks of age Reduced ONL thickness with gradual decline from 1-12 weeks, which accelerated between 12-24 weeks, photoreceptors with apoptotic appearance on EM from 12 weeks (Park et al, 2003) STZ in Wistar rats 24 weeks of diabetes Reduced number of photoreceptor nuclei (Kumar et al, 2013) STZ in Sprague-Dawley rats 7.5 months of diabetes No thinning of ONL + OPL (Barber et al, 1998) Rat type 2 diabetes model ZDF rats 31 weeks of age No difference in number of ONL cell rows, no difference in number of apoptotic cells (Johnson et al, 2013) ZDF rats 32 weeks of age Thickening of the ONL, no difference in number of ONL cell rows, increase in apoptotic cells or cone number, but fragmented OS (Szabó et al, 2017) Nonmurine animal models of diabetes Alloxan-diabetic dogs 5 years of diabetes No reduced retinal thickness, reduced OS/IS thickness or ONL thickness (Tonade & Kern, 2017) Abbreviations: STZ, streptozotocin; ZDF, Zucker diabetic fatty; OS, outer segment; IS, inner segment; ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; EM, electron microscopy.…”