Histological characterisation of the incompatible interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae

Kobelt, Peter; Siemens, Johannes; Sacristán, M. D.

doi:10.1017/s0953756299001781

Cited by 76 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Suppression of lignin biosynthesis pathway genes by ABA treatment has previously been shown to increase susceptibility in A. thaliana leaves infected with P. syringae (Mohr and Cahill 2007). Thickening and lignification of A. thaliana cell walls has been described in a histological study by Kobelt et al (2000) in incompatible but not compatible interactions with P. brassicae, which supports the expression data presented here. Genes encoding the synthesis of b-1,3 glucan (callose) were also suppressed, further facilitating pathogen penetration in the P. brassicae compatible interaction.…”

Section: Genes Important For Cell Wall Modificationsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The disease index (DI) for A. thaliana was calculated based on a scale consisting of five classes (0-4) according to published protocols (Kobelt et al 2000) where: 0 = no symptoms; 1 = very small clubs, mainly on lateral roots, which do not impair the main root; 2 = small clubs covering the main root and a few lateral roots; 3 = medium-sized to bigger clubs, also including the main root (up to two-thirds), possibly impairing plant growth; and 4 = severe clubs in lateral roots and main root, fine roots completely destroyed, and plant growth also affected. The DI was calculated using the five-grade scale according to the formula: DI = (0n 0 + 1n 1 + 2n 2 + 3n 3 + 4n 4 ) Â 100/4N t , where n 0 to n 4 is the number of plants in the indicated class and N t is the total number of plants tested.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of global host gene expression during the primary phase of the Arabidopsis thaliana–Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction

Agarwal

Kaul

Faggian³

et al. 2011

Functional Plant Biol.

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Abstract. Microarray analysis was used to investigate changes in host gene expression during the primary stages of the interaction between the susceptible plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh ecotype Col-0 and the biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. Analyses were conducted at 4, 7 and 10 days after inoculation (DAI) and revealed significant induction or suppression of a relatively low number of genes in a range of functional categories. At 4 DAI, there was induced expression of several genes known to be critical for pathogen recognition and signal transduction in other resistant host-pathogen interactions. As the pathogen further colonised root tissue and progressed through the primary plasmodium stage to production of zoosporangia at 7 and 10 DAI, respectively, fewer genes showed changes in expression. The microarray results were validated by examining a subset of induced genes at 4 DAI by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis all of which correlated positively with the microarray data. The two A. thaliana mutants jar1 and coiI tested were found to be susceptible to P. brassicae. The involvement of defence-related hormones in the interaction was further investigated and the findings indicate that addition of salicylic acid can suppress clubroot disease in A. thaliana plants.

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Section: Genes Important For Cell Wall Modificationsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of global host gene expression during the primary phase of the Arabidopsis thaliana–Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction

Agarwal

Kaul

Faggian³

et al. 2011

Functional Plant Biol.

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“…In this work, races that were highly virulent to CR cultivars were not detected from the SSGs. Kobelt et al (2000) have also reported a similar result in a population obtained from ''mini-galls'' that were induced inside roots (not on the outside) by an avirulent population in a CR ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana. Additional research is needed for elucidating the mechanisms of resistance breakdown in CR cultivars of Chinese cabbage.…”

Section: Pathogenicity Of Populations Isolated From Ssgsmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The SSGs have been considered to be a result of the resistant reaction to avirulent populations of P. brassicae and therefore are excluded from objective symptoms for evaluating the severity of clubroot disease on plants (Seaman et al 1963;Williams 1966). Although there have been several reports on incompatible interactions between crucifers and P. brassicae (Dekhuijzen 1976;Kroll et al 1983;Morgner 1995;Kobelt et al 2000;Tanaka et al 2006), less information is available on development of P. brassicae within SSGs. SSGs are often observed also in CR cultivars of Chinese cabbage bred in Japan (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity of Plasmodiophora brassicae populations from small, spheroid, resistant-type clubroot galls on roots of clubroot-resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis)

2008

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A resistant type of small, spheroid clubroot galls (SSGs) containing resting spores formed on the root surface of clubroot-resistant (CR) cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) inoculated with an avirulent population of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Populations isolated from the SSGs severely affected a common (susceptible) cultivar but did not have the typical pathogenicity on CR cultivars, indicating similarity in pathogenicity between SSG and original spore populaions. Populations pathogenic on CR cultivars were not detected from SSGs. Therefore, the ability of the avirulent population among the SSGs to form resting spores may need to be considered to achieve clubroot control in common cultivars of crucifers.

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“…Interestingly, only the transgenic plants that over-express vacuolelocalized CKXs (CKXl and CKX3) have significant resistance to P. brassicae, while those that over-express secreted CKX2 do not. P. brassicae induces the growth of root galls presumably from actions inside the pericycle cells (Kobelt et al, 2000). Therefore, the overexpression of intracellularly localized CKX may be more effective than the overexpression of extracellular CKX2.…”

Section: Role Of Cytok|nin During Plant-pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinin: perception, signal transduction, and role in plant growth and development

Choi

Hwang

2007

J. Plant Biol.

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Cytokinins are essential hormones for the proper growth and development of plants. They exert their actions through the phosphorylation of two-component signaling factors. The two-component elements in cytokinin signaling display not only overlapping, but also specific functions throughout a life cycle. These elements regulate the development of shoots, roots, and inflorescence meristems in Arabidopsis; shoot meristems in rice; and nodule formation in the lotus. They are also involved in interactions between plants and pathogens. In this review, we examine the mechanism for signaling events initiated by cytokinins in Arabidopsis.Keywords: cytokinin, development, perception, signal transduction SUMMARY OF CYTOKININ SIGNALING AND ITS FUNCTIONCytokinins play a role in many aspects of plant growth and development, including cell division, apical dominance, organ formation and regeneration, vascular development, nutrient mobilization, and senescence (Mok and Mok, 2001;Sa et al., 2001 ;Kurakawa et al., 2007).Pathways have been elucidated for cytokinin biosynthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction. The action of cytokinins is mediated through a non-canonical, two-component signaling mechanism (Kakimoto, 1996;Hwang and Sheen, 2001) (Fig. 1). Three histidine protein kinase cytokinin receptors --AHK2, AHK3, and AHK4 --bind cytokinins at the plasma membrane. These receptors initiate the Asp-HisAsp phosphorelay via histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHPs) to response regulator proteins (ARR). The translocation of AHP proteins into the nucleus is thought to cause the transfer of a phosphoryl group to type-B ARRs. AHPs activate type-B ARR proteins, which function as transcriptional activators in cytokinin signaling. Individual activation of type-B ARRs induces the expression of a subset of primary cytokinin-response genes, including type-A ARP, s. These appear to be negative regulators in the cytokinin signal transduction pathway, and provide a feedback mechanism that is thought to fine-tune cytokinin signaling (Hwang and Sheen, 2001;Kiba et al., 2004;.Recently, novel and unexpected roles have been proposed for cytokinins in the de-differentiation process that occurs during nodule formation (Murray et al., 2007;Tirichine et al., 2007). Furthermore, cytokinins may be directly involved in defense responses (Felix and Meins, 1985; Shinshiet al., 1987). Nitrogen assimilation and resistance to disease pathogens are very important issues in agricultural science. The possible involvement of cytokinins in those processes highlights the overall importance of these phytohormones to plant health.In this review, we focus on the recent progress made in *Corresponding author; fax +82-54-279-2291 e-mail ihwang@postech.ac.kr understanding cytokinin signal transduction mechanisms, their multi-phosphorylation systems, and potential applications that exploit their novel roles in plant growth and development. THE CYTOKININ RECEPTORSSix histidine kinases are now known, in addition to a number of ethylene receptors. These are thought to be hyb...

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Histological characterisation of the incompatible interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the obligate biotrophic pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae

Cited by 76 publications

References 8 publications

Analysis of global host gene expression during the primary phase of the Arabidopsis thaliana–Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction

Analysis of global host gene expression during the primary phase of the Arabidopsis thaliana–Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction

Pathogenicity of Plasmodiophora brassicae populations from small, spheroid, resistant-type clubroot galls on roots of clubroot-resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis)

Cytokinin: perception, signal transduction, and role in plant growth and development

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