“…With the development of the copper industry in South Wales in the 19 th century, Swansea attracted a great wave of immigrants, mainly from Ireland and Italy (Hall, 2018). In Lorraine, the successive migratory waves of Italian miners from the end of the 19th century, and North African workers and Slavs 45 in the inter-war period, contributed to the development of its industrial activity (Bruno et al, 2008;Boubeker and Galloro, 2008) . 47 Beyond their long-standing migration histories linked to industrialisation, Swansea and Cardiff experienced two major migratory waves following the Second World War and the entry of the NMS in the EU Jones et al, 2014) .…”