Histogenesis of cortical layers in human cerebellum, particularly the lamina dissecans

Rakić, Paško; Sidman, Richard L.

doi:10.1002/cne.901390407

Cited by 374 publications

(258 citation statements)

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“…Box 1 Neural network formation in the developing human brain can be studied at different levels. On the microscale, pioneering work has been done to delineate neural circuit establishment in the cortex, subplate, thalamus and cerebellum (Innocenti and Price, 2005;Kostovic et al, 2014;Rakic and Sidman, 1970). On a macroscopic level, an increasing literature converges upon the principles of whole-brain network development: the connectome.…”

Section: Future Perspectives and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development

2017

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Early human brain development constitutes a sequence of intricate processes resulting in the ontogeny of functionally operative neural circuits. Developmental trajectories of early brain network formation are genetically programmed and can be modified by epigenetic and environmental influences. Such alterations may exert profound effects on neurodevelopment, potentially persisting throughout the lifespan. This review focuses on the critical period of fetal and early postnatal brain development. Here we collate findings from neuroimaging studies, with a particular focus on functional MRI research that interrogated early brain network development in both health and high-risk or disease states. First, we will provide an overview of the developmental processes that take place from the embryonic period through early infancy in order to contextualize brain network formation. Second, functional brain network development in the typically developing brain will be discussed. Third, we will touch on prenatal and perinatal risk factors that may interfere with the trajectories of functional brain wiring, including prenatal substance exposure, maternal mental illness and preterm

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Section: Future Perspectives and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development

2017

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“…Cells of the neuroepithelial layer migrate to the surface to form the transient germinal layer called the external granular layer (EGL) (Rakic & Sidman, 1970). Rapid cell division as evidenced by DNA synthesis occurs in the EGL leading to the production of the various types of cells in the cerebellar cortex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Antioxidants in Cerebellar Development: A Review of Literature

Imosemi¹

2013

Int. J. Morphol.

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SUMMARY: Developmental pathologies may result from endogenous or xenobiotic-enhanced formation of reacting oxygen species (ROS), which oxidatively damage cellular macromolecules and/or alter signal transduction, and that the embryonic processes regulating the balance of ROS formation, oxidative DNA damage and repair, and ROS-mediated signal transduction may be important determinants of teratological risk. ROS can oxidize molecular targets such as DNA, protein, lipid in a process called oxidative stress resulting in cellular dysfunction and in utero death or teratogenicity. This review, consisting of literature search of journals and chapters in books aims at highlighting the importance of the cerebellum in controlling various motor activities in the body, as well as substances affecting cerebellar development with a view of providing an insight to the role antioxidants play in cerebellar development. It is interesting to note that the developing brain (especially the cerebellum, cerebrum and hippocampus) is highly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ROS. Studies have shown that exposure to oxidants in the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of major congenital anomalies, as most vital organs in the body develop and some become functional within this period in offspring. Antioxidants may prevent oxidative damage in degenerative diseases including ageing, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, stroke and Parkinson's disease as such play a critical role in wellness and health maintenance. INTRODUCTIONThe consumption of some drugs and chemical substances at various doses could cause malformations in certain developing body organs especially when used during critical periods of development. Such malformations could reflect in the gross and microscopic appearances of affected organs in the mature organisms (Moore & Persaud, 1998). The critical stages of development at which such malformations occur in mammals correspond to the pre-natal and early postnatal lives. In the former circumstance, these substances when consumed by the mother, affect the embryos or foetus only if they cross the blood placental barrier. In the latter circumstance, the substances need to have been administered directly to the neonates or suckled in the breast milk in early post-natal life for them to affect development (Moore & Persaud).The cerebellum is a highly organized structure in which the Purkinje cells (Pc) are the sole output of the cerebellar cortex (Altman, 1969(Altman, , 1972a(Altman, , 1972b(Altman, , 1972c, and it is one of the first structure of the brain to differentiate, however, it achieves its mature configuration many months after birth (Wang & Zoghbi, 2001;Bouet et al., 2005). For this reason, the cerebellum is especially vulnerable to developmental irregularities on exposure to oxidants which generate free radicals resulting in oxidative stress (Wang & Zoghbi;Kern & Jones, 2006). Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance in pro-oxidant and antioxidant levels. Scientific evidence sugg...

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“…During normal development the axons of the inferior olivary neurons form a tight synaptic relationship with a relatively few cerebellar Purkinje cells, a relationship that is established at about 28 weeks of gestation. 5 This relationship is sufficiently committed so that at later stages of development, inferior olivary neurons are lost when the related Purkinje cells are destroyed. These observations thus suggest that the decrease in number of Purkinje cells dates to a prenatal period of brain development before the establishment of this tight synaptic inter-relationship.…”

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confidence: 99%