IntroductionHigh concentrations of histamine have been found in the mammary glands of several species [1,2]. Mammary tissue also contains components of histamine synthesis and metabolism [1,2]. In 1958, Harris reported that histamine causes contraction of myoepithelial cells of alveoli and small ducts in the mammary gland [3]. Histamine could thus contribute to milk ejection together with oxytocin. Later Maslinski's group showed that histamine stimulates milk release from mouse mammary gland slices [4]. The aim of this study was to compare the histamine contents of the mammary gland of dairy goats in different lactation stages and to evaluate the possible role of histamine in milk ejection.
Materials and methodsSeven adult Finnish dairy goats of a mean body weight of 43 kg were used. The study plan was approved by the local committee on animal experiments.For tissue sampling, a lactating and a non-lactating goat were anaesthetized with medetomidine (20 mg/kg, Domitor, Orion-Farmos, Turku, Finland) and ketamine (1 mg/kg, Ketalar, Parke-Davis) i.m. Tissue samples were immediately frozen in isopenthane, kept on dry ice and then stored at -70°C. They were homogenised in five volumes of 0.4 N HClO 4 , and histamine was analysed by HPLC [5].Serial milk samples were taken from six goats in the late lactation stage by hand milking to dryness. The goats were given oxytocin (7.5 IU, Synox, Orion-Farmos) with or without pretreatment with histamine receptor antagonists 15 min earlier, in a random order with at least two days between the experiments. The antagonists used were: H 1 antagonist ketotifen (1 mg/kg, Polfa, Poland), H 2 antagonist famotidine (0.5 mg/kg, Pepcidin, MSD) and H 3 antagonist FUB 181 maleate (0.5 mg/kg, gift from Prof. Schunack, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany). All drugs were given intravenously.The results are given as means ± SEM. Analysis of variance was used for the evaluation of statistical differences.
Results and discussionHistamine concentrations both in the glandular part and in the milk cisternal walls of the mammary glands were very high (Fig. 1). The mean content from six different locations of glandular tissue in the lactating goat was significantly higher than in the corresponding samples of the non-lactating goat. No differences were seen in the cisternal wall samples. The mean concentrations were of the same magnitude as found by Maslinski and coworkers in rats and mice, but lower than in cows [1].Ketotifen pretreatment caused drowsiness, whereas FUB 181 maleate caused cardiac arrhythmias (auscultation) and increased gastrointestinal motility. Before oxytocin injection, the mean milk flow rate from one mammary gland of the goats was about 0.3 ml/min. Oxytocin increased the milk flow significantly. There were no statistically significant differences in the response to oxytocin between different Inflamm. res. 48, Supplement 1 (1999) S90-S91 Fig. 1. Histamine concentrations in the glandular part and the cisternal wall of goat mammary gland. The mean ± SEM from six different locations of g...