Objective-Microvascular endothelium is one of the main targets of the inflammatory response. On specific activation, endothelial cells recruit Th1-lymphocytes at the inflammatory site. We investigated the intracellular signaling mediating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-␣ and interferon (IFN)-␥ inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and the interfering effects of the peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor (PPAR␥) agonist, rosiglitazone (RGZ). Methods and Results-TNF␣ and IFN␥, mainly when combined, stimulate IFN␥-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP10) and fractalkine production evaluated by ELISA and TaqMan analyses. This effect is not only mediated by activation of the NFkB and Stat1 classic pathways, but also involves a rapid increase in phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) as measured by Western blot. RGZ interferes with TNF␣ and IFN␥ stimulation of IP10, fractalkine, and adhesion molecule through a novel rapid mechanism which involves the blocking of ERK activation. Key Words: thiazolidinediones Ⅲ MAPK Ⅲ CXCL10 Ⅲ endothelium Ⅲ Th1-response T umor necrosis factor (TNF)-␣ and interferon (IFN)-␥ are the pivotal cytokines coordinating interactions between infiltrating lymphocytes/macrophages and resident cells during the vascular inflammatory Th1-response. Th1-oriented immune responses are implicated in several systemic pathologies such as autoimmune diseases, atherogenesis, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and they also play a major role in the development of acute and chronic rejection as well as in chronic allograft nephropathy. 1 IFN␥, primarily secreted by activated T-lymphocytes, represents the cardinal Th1-cytokine whereas TNF␣, secreted by monocytes, macrophages, and resident cells, is considered a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a general inflammatory response. Both cytokines modulate the expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) in endothelial cells (ECs). A synergistic action of TNF␣ and IFN␥ in promoting inflammatory response through chemokine secretion has been described. 2 In particular, IFN␥ induces ECs to secret CXC chemokines, such as fractalkine, IFN␥-inducible T-cell ␣-chemoattractant, monokine-induced by IFN␥ and IFN␥-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP10). Both IP10 and fractalkine chemoattractant activity is directed toward Th1-lymphocytes. 1,3 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a pharmacological class of drugs currently used in T2D to improve glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin sensitivity. Besides their well established effects on lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis, a novel role of TZD in regulating the inflammatory response 4 through a direct action on cells of natural and induced immunity is recently emerging, both in vitro and in animal models of human inflammatory disorders. 5,6 Experimental evidence suggests that the TZD receptor, PPAR␥, interferes with cytokine-induced chemokine secretion in monocytes, 7 macrophages, 8 and venous endothelial cells. 9 TZD action seems to be mainly attributable to their ability ...