Histamine Detection in Mackerel (Scomberomorus Sp.) and its Products Derivatized with 9-Flourenilmethylchloroformate

Abstract

Histamine is commonly present in food containing proteins, like in mackerel. Consuming fish is imperative for the improvement of human muscles. Nevertheless, some studies reported ingesting fish containing histamine more than 50 mg·kg-1 can cause toxicity. This study analyzed and determined the composition of histamine in mackerel and its products commonly consumed in Malaysia, especially on the East Coast of Malaysia. These included processed mackerel such as canned products, satay (skewed fish) and keropok lekor (fish cake/ cracker). Histamine analysis was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a fluorescence detector. A derivatizing reaction was applied to increase the sensitivity of HPLC to histamine using 9-flourenilmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl). The chromatographic separation was achieved in 15 min. Method validation was in accordance to Commission Decision 657/2002/CE. The linear range was at 0.16 – 5.00 µg·mL-1 (histamine) with the LOD at 0.10 µg·mL-1 and LOQ at 0.30 µg·mL-1 . Method applicability was checked on seven real samples involving raw, cooked, and dry products, yielding acceptable recovery.

Environment-Friendly Approach to Isolate Ascorbic Acid from Plants and Micro-identified Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

“…Both are also known as the limits of detection and quantitation. 31 According to Figure 2, there are two similar peaks in this study. The vibrations occurred for hydroxyl groups (−OH) and carbon−carbon bonds (C−C) at ±3300 cm −1 , while the wavenumber around 1600 cm −1 referred to the carbon−carbon double bond (C�C).…”

Inspecting Histamine Isolated from Fish through a Highly Selective Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Approach

“…9 cost-effective and fast technique for histamine detection is critical. 10 Various methods have been employed to analyze histamine levels in food, where most are chromatography-based. Nevertheless, the techniques require long analysis periods, complex instruments, and derivatizing agents to procure histamine and increase the sensitivity of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).…”

“… 9 Consequently, developing a cost-effective and fast technique for histamine detection is critical. 10 …”

“…For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States of America (USA) only allowed 50 mg kg –1 of histamine intake, whereas a limit of 100–200 mg kg –1 has been set by the European Union (EU) . Consequently, developing a cost-effective and fast technique for histamine detection is critical …”

Polyurethane Application to Transform Screen-Printed Electrode for Rapid Identification of Histamine Isolated from Fish

“…Numerous approaches have been performed to determine histamine, and most of them are chromatographic-based. However, there are several issues before using these methods, such as long-term analysis, complex instruments, and the need for derivatizing agents to derivatize histamine and increase the sensitivity of HPLC [ 14 , 15 ], whereas the application of gas chromatography (GC) is restricted to laboratory facilities and complex preprocessing methods and usually requires a derivatization process, which is unsuitable for daily and on-site detection of histamine [ 16 , 17 ]. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) offers a specific method for histamine detection, but this technique requires a specific environment to maintain detection precision, accuracy, and stability [ 18 ].…”