Himalayan leucogranites: A review of geochemical and isotopic characteristics, timing of formation, genesis, and rare metal mineralization

Cao, Haitao; Pei, Qiuming; Santosh, M.; Li, Guangming; Zhang, Linkui; Zhang, Xiangfei; Zhang, Yunhui; Zou, Hao; Dai, Zuowen; Lin, Bin; Tang, Li; Xiao, Yu

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104229

Cited by 60 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…The Himalayan Eocene granites were mainly exposed in Yardoi (Yalaxiangbo) gneiss dome and areas nearby, occurred as stocks (Yardoi, Dala and Quedang), and dikes or sills (Liemai and Ridang) (Figure 2; Zeng et al, 2015;Cao et al, 2022b). The majority of granites in this region were generated in the Early Eocene (Ca.…”

Section: Geological Setting and Sample Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, most Tethyan Himalayan leucogranites are exposed in the cores of the north Himalayan gneiss domes, except for a few isolated intrusions and sills that intruded into the THS (such as the Dala and Quedang two-mica granites) (Figure 1; Wu et al, 2015). The Himalayan leucogranites are composed of biotite granite, two-mica granite, muscovite granite, tourmaline granite, and garnet granite, and were emplaced between 48.5 and 0.7 Ma (Wu et al, 2015(Wu et al, , 2020Cao et al, 2022b). Typically, the Miocene leucogranites are considered as highly fractionated (strong) peraluminous S-type granites (Wu et al, 2015(Wu et al, , 2020.…”

Section: Geological Setting and Sample Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, voluminous Cenozoic leucogranites were well developed along the Himalaya orogenic belt forming a 2,000 km-long west-east trending leucogranite belt (Liu et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2020;Cao et al, 2022b). These massive magmatic rocks were formed during the collision between India and Eurasia, thus play a crucial role in exploring the evolution of the orogenic belt (Hou et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2015;Fu et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial melting of amphibolitic lower crust and subsequent melt-crystal separation for generation of the Early Eocene magmatism in eastern Himalaya

Dai

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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The Himalayan leucogranites provide a good opportunity to investigate the crustal evolution of the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, we present zircon U-Pb and monazite U-Th-Pb ages, zircon Hf isotopes and whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes and major and trace elements for the Liemai two-mica granite, eastern Himalaya. Together with previously published data we revalued the petrogenesis of the Early Eocene magmatic rocks in this region and their geological implications. The zircon and monazite U-(Th)-Pb dating results showed that the Liemai two-mica granite was generated at ∼ 43 Ma, similar to adjacent Yardoi, Dala and Quedang adakitic two-mica granites, Ridang subvolcanic rocks and Yardoi leucogranite. The Liemai two-mica granite, similar to these coeval adakitic two-mica granites, is enriched in SiO2, Al2O3, Th, U, Pb, La, and Sr, and depleted in MgO, total iron, Yb and Y with high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios (showing adakitic affinities), and exhibits enriched Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions, suggesting an origin of a thickened lower crust consisting mainly of garnet amphibolite. Although the Ridang subvolcanic rocks and Yardoi leucogranite show similar Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes to these adjacent coeval two-mica granites, perceptible differences in whole-rock major and trace elements can be observed. Broadly, these granites can be divided into high-Mg# granites (HMGs, the two-mica granites) and low-Mg# granites (LMGs, the Ridang subvolcanic rocks and Yardoi leucogranite). The former has relatively higher contents of total iron, MgO, Mg#, TiO2, P2O5, LREE, Y, Th, Sr, incompatible elements (Cr and Ni) and Eu/Eu* values, and lower contents of SiO2 and Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios, thus is less evolved than the latter. According to recent studies of differentiation processes in silicic magma reservoirs, we proposed that the HMGs represent a congealed crystal mush that was composed of ‘cumulate crystals’ and a trapped interstitial liquid, while the LMGs represent the almost pure liquid that was extracted from the crystal mush. Modeling using the trace elements Sr and Ba shows that the extraction probably occurred when the crystallinity of the mush was ∼ 60%–63%, at least for the most evolved LMGs sample. The HMGs correspond to a residual crystal mush that had a terminal porosity of ∼ 21%–25% filled with a trapped interstitial liquid. Underplating of mafic magmas following slab breakoff of the Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere caused partial melting of the amphibolitic lower crust, which had been thickened to ~50 km prior to ~43 Ma.

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Section: Geological Setting and Sample Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Setting and Sample Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial melting of amphibolitic lower crust and subsequent melt-crystal separation for generation of the Early Eocene magmatism in eastern Himalaya

Dai

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…At ca. 45 Ma, the Neo‐Tethyan oceanic lithosphere separated from the India continental lithosphere (Cao et al, 2022; Chung et al, 2005; Deng, Wang, Li, & Santosh, 2014; Li, 2014) and initiated the continental “hard collision”. The “hard collision” may have further thickened the lithosphere adjacent to the Jinshajiang‐Ailaoshan Suture and led to partial delamination of the thickened lithospheric mantle at ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrogenesis of the Eocene Yulong potassic intrusion in non‐subduction setting in the Sanjiang Tethys

Zi-an

Wang

et al. 2022

Geological Journal

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The giant Yulong porphyry Cu (‐Mo‐Au) deposit was formed in a post‐collisional setting in eastern Tibet, which is associated with Eocene potassic to ultrapotassic felsic intrusive rocks. The origin of the Yulong potassic intrusion remains highly disputed. Hence, we present new zircon U–Pb ages, whole‐rock geochemistry and zircon Lu‐Hf isotopes for the Yulong intrusion. Zircon U–Pb dating from the porphyritic monzogranite and porphyritic quartz monzonite yield ages of 41.1 ± 0.2, 40.8 ± 0.1 and 40.5 ± 0.2 Ma, respectively. Samples from the Yulong intrusion exhibit high K2O (4.13–4.85%), and high K2O/Na2O (1.00–1.25), [La/Yb]n (30.37–40.37) and Sr/Y (57.86–87.68) ratios, low Mg#, MgO, Ni, and Cr contents, enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depletion of high‐field‐strength elements (HFSEs, e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). Zircon grains from this study have mostly positive εHf(t) values (+1.6 to +2.9), and crustal model ages (TDMC) of 0.90–1.19 Ga. These features suggest that the Yulong intrusion is derived from a thickened juvenile lower crust. During the Permian to late Triassic, Jinshajiang‐Ailaoshan Palaeo‐Tethyan oceanic subduction from the eastern margin of the North Qiangtang produced metasomatic domains within the continental lithospheric mantle and lower crust. During the late Eocene, the continuing India‐Asia continental collision may have preferentially overthickened the crust. Convective removals in the lower part of the thickened lithosphere resulted in the hot asthenosphere upwelling along the Jinshajiang‐Ailaoshan Suture, which induced the partial melting of the residual metasomatized lithospheric mantle, as well as the thickened lower crust in the Eocene, which formed the Yulong intrusion.

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“…These leucogranitic rocks mainly include leucogranite-pegmatite systems, which are widely distributed in the South Tibetan Himalaya (Zhou et al, 2019). Considerable attention has been paid to the nature and geodynamic setting of the Himalayan leucogranites (Cao et al, 2022a and reference therein), while the pegmatites spatially associated with these leucogranites are still poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ boron isotope and chemical composition of tourmaline in the Gyirong pegmatite, southern Tibet: Implications for petrogenesis and magma source

Pei

Ma²,

Li³

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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Leucogranitic rocks, mainly including leucogranite-pegmatite systems, have been found to be widely distributed in the South Tibetan Himalaya, and they have received considerable interest because of their significance in crustal evolution and associated rare-metal mineralization. Although the nature and geodynamic setting of the Himalayan leucogranites have been well documented by numerous studies, the pegmatites spatially associated with these leucogranites are still poorly understood. Tourmaline is a ubiquitous phase from the leucogranite to the pegmatite. We have therefore conducted in situ major and trace element and boron isotope investigations of tourmaline from the Gyirong pegmatite, synthesizing published data on the Gyirong leucogranite, to document the origin of tourmaline and its genetic implications. Two types of tourmaline (Tur-Ⅰ & Tur-Ⅱ) have been identified in this contribution and they are enriched in Fe, Si and Al but depleted in Mg and Ca, with Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios ranging from 0.22 to 0.45. Accordingly, the tourmalines belong to the alkali group and have schorl composition. Trace elements, such as Zn, Ga, V, Sc, Li, Sn, Sr, and Co in the tourmalines are relatively enriched, whereas, other trace elements record low concentrations less than 10 ppm. The trace element concentrations of tourmaline are mainly controlled by melt composition. Morphological and geochemical characteristics reflect that the tourmalines from the Gyirong pegmatite are magmatic in origin. The Gyirong pegmatitic tourmalines have S-type granitoids and pegmatites boron isotopic signatures with a tight range of δ11B values between −11.8 and −9.7‰, which is consistent with the magmatic tourmalines (Mg-poor) of the Gyirong leucogranite. This study suggests that the Gyirong pegmatite was the product of crustal anatexis and that the crustal metapelitic rocks within the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex were the most likely source components.

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Himalayan leucogranites: A review of geochemical and isotopic characteristics, timing of formation, genesis, and rare metal mineralization

Cited by 60 publications

References 217 publications

Partial melting of amphibolitic lower crust and subsequent melt-crystal separation for generation of the Early Eocene magmatism in eastern Himalaya

Partial melting of amphibolitic lower crust and subsequent melt-crystal separation for generation of the Early Eocene magmatism in eastern Himalaya

Petrogenesis of the Eocene Yulong potassic intrusion in non‐subduction setting in the Sanjiang Tethys

In-situ boron isotope and chemical composition of tourmaline in the Gyirong pegmatite, southern Tibet: Implications for petrogenesis and magma source

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