Many moduli spaces are constructed as quotients of group actions; this paper surveys the classical theory, as well as recent progress and applications. We review geometric invariant theory for reductive groups and how it is used to construct moduli spaces, and explain two new developments extending this theory to non-reductive groups and to stacks, which enable the construction of new moduli spaces.
VICTORIA HOSKINSWe also outline another significant development that extends ideas of (reductive) GIT to stacks, as pioneered by Alper, 48,7,52]. Alper's notion of good and adequate moduli spaces of stacks enables GIT-free constructions of moduli spaces. This is even more tangible following the recent existence criteria of Alper-Halpern-Leistner-Heinloth [7], which equates the existence of moduli spaces to two simple valuative criteria and has been applied to various moduli problems [4,5,12,13].However, adequate and good moduli spaces are locally modelled on reductive GIT and require closed points to have reductive stabiliser groups. Thus, in some senses these two recent developments are orthogonal to each other and ideally there should eventually be an extension of non-reductive GIT to stacks.Acknowledgements. I am indebted to both Peter Newstead and Frances Kirwan, as I learned the basics of reductive GIT from Peter Newstead's Tata lecture notes [79] and discussions with Frances Kirwan. I am very grateful to Greg Bérczi, Dominic Bunnett, Eloise Hamilton, Josh Jackson and Frances Kirwan for numerous conversations on non-reductive GIT. I would also like to thank the organisers of VBAC 2022 for soliciting this paper in honour of Peter Newstead.Conventions. Throughout we will assume k is an algebraically closed field and all schemes are assumed to be finite type k-schemes, unless otherwise stated. By a point, we will mean a k-point (or equivalently, a closed point).