‘ Hikikomori’: a New Diagnosis or a Syndrome Associated With a Psychiatric Diagnosis?

Malagón, A.; Alvaro, Patricia; Córcoles, D.; Martín-López, Luis Miguel; Bulbena, Antonio

doi:10.1177/0020764009376612

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, a recent epidemiological survey in Japan reported approximately a fifty-fifty split between hikikomori who had experienced a psychiatric disorder and had not [14]. These data and other studies that have not been able to diagnose all cases of hikikomori may suggest the existence of ‘primary hikikomori ’ that is not an expression of any other psychiatric disorder [28,8,9,5,29]. In order to clarify differences between ‘primary hikikomori ’ (social withdrawal not associated with any underlying psychiatric disorder) and ‘secondary hikikomori ’ (social withdrawal caused by an established psychiatric disorder), further epidemiological and psychopathological studies are needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Previous study of DSM diagnosis of taijin kyofusho by American mental health practitioners revealed a tendency similar to psychiatrists in our study to apply a range of personality, anxiety, and psychotic diagnostic labels (Tanaka-Matsumi, 1979). Given this diagnostic heterogeneity based on ICD and DSM criteria, there may be utility in creating and using specific diagnostic criteria for the hikikomori syndrome [28,8,9]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the ‘hikikomori’ syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation

Kato

Tateno

Shinfuku

et al. 2011

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

195

191

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Purpose To explore whether the ‘hikikomori’ syndrome (social withdrawal) described in Japan exists in other countries, and if so, how patients with the syndrome are diagnosed and treated. Methods Two hikikomori case vignettes were sent to psychiatrists in Australia, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and the USA. Participants rated the syndrome's prevalence in their country, etiology, diagnosis, suicide risk, and treatment. Results Out of 247 responses to the questionnaire (123 from Japan and 124 from other countries), 239 were enrolled in the analysis. Respondents’ felt the hikikomori syndrome is seen in all countries examined and especially in urban areas. Biopsychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors were all listed as probable causes of hikikomori, and differences among countries were not significant. Japanese psychiatrists suggested treatment in outpatient wards and some did not think that psychiatric treatment is necessary. Psychiatrists in other countries opted for more active treatment such as hospitalization. Conclusions Patients with the hikikomori syndrome are perceived as occurring across a variety of cultures by psychiatrists in multiple countries. Our results provide a rational basis for study of the existence and epidemiology of hikikomori in clinical or community populations in international settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the ‘hikikomori’ syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation

Kato

Tateno

Shinfuku

et al. 2011

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

195

191

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This was, to our knowledge, the first European study to describe the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of a group of hikikomori cases, since to date only punctual cases had been reported (Aguglia et al, 2010;De Michele, Caredda, Delle, Salviati, & Biondi, 2013;GarciaCampayo et al, 2007;Gariup et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2013;Malagón Amor et al, 2010;Ovejero et al, 2014;Sakamoto et al, 2005;Teo, 2013). As pointed in previous studies, the hikikomori syndrome seems to exist not only in Japan Kondo et al, 2013), but is probably a frequent problem in Spain, with 15.4% of cases being attended by the CRHT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study

Malagón-Amor

Córcoles-Martínez

Martín-López

et al. 2014

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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This study shows the existence of hikikomori in Spain. Its difficult detection and treatment highlights the need for specialized domiciliary teams. The high comorbidity leads us to conclude that it may not be a new diagnosis, but rather a severe syndrome associated with multiple mental illnesses. Primary hikikomori also exist, but less commonly. Future cross-national studies are needed in order to describe its definition and psychopathology.

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“…Hikikomori usually starts by the late teens, and it is estimated that 260 000 families in Japan have a child with hikikomori . Hikikomori has become an international concern and there are some cases reported to have occurred elsewhere, although it was considered a culture‐bound trait unique to Japan at first . Kato et al .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant factors in family difficulties for fathers and mothers who use support services for children with hikikomori

Funakoshi

Miyamoto

2014

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Aims: Hikikomori is a new psychosociological phenomenon among youth, of almost complete withdrawal from social interaction, and it has received considerable attention in community mental health in Japan. The aims of the present study were to identify the influential factors of family difficulties of parents who use support services for children with hikikomori, and compare them between fathers and mothers.Methods: Data were collected from 110 parents (55 couples) of children with hikikomori with regard to family difficulties, quality of life, and depression variables via self-report questionnaires. To assess the influential factors of Family Difficulties for parents with children with hikikomori, hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was carried out for gender.Results: While 94.5% of mothers received some kind of family support, only 61.9% of fathers received it. For both genders, the number of services that the fathers received was significantly correlated with marital cooperation, and the number of services that the mothers received was significantly correlated with support resource utilization. Conclusions:It is necessary for fathers to receive more support, and it is important for professionals to encourage parents to address their difficulties together.

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‘ Hikikomori’: a New Diagnosis or a Syndrome Associated With a Psychiatric Diagnosis?

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

Does the ‘hikikomori’ syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation

Does the ‘hikikomori’ syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation

Hikikomori in Spain: A descriptive study

Significant factors in family difficulties for fathers and mothers who use support services for children with hikikomori

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