Highly Stable Performance of Supercapacitors from Phosphorus-Enriched Carbons

Abstract

Phosphorus-rich microporous carbons (P-carbons) prepared by a simple H(3)PO(4) activation of three different carbon precursors exhibit enhanced supercapacitive performance in 1 M H(2)SO(4) when highly stable performance can be achieved at potentials larger than the theoretical decomposition potential of water. This ability of P-carbons greatly enhances the energy density of supercapacitors that are capable of delivering 16 Wh/kg compared to 5 Wh/kg for the commercial carbon. An intercept-free multiple linear regression model confirms the strongest influence of phosphorus on capacitance together with micropores 0.65-0.83 nm in width that are the most effective in forming the electric double layer.

Eco‐Friendly and High Performance Supercapacitors for Elevated Temperature Applications Using Recycled Tea Leaves

“…The potential-time curves for the device at various current densities are shown in Figure 10c. Variation of specific capacitance as a function of current density showed a maximum specific capacitance of 0.64 F cm −2 at 1 mA cm −2 [40] B-commercial mesoporous activated carbon, [41] C-sugarcane activated carbon, [29] D-bamboo activated carbon, [12] E-phosphorus doped carbon, [41] F-sago bark activated carbon [42] ). …”

Characterization, Modification and Application of Biochar for Energy Storage and Catalysis: A Review

“…The process is catalyzed by certain chemicals typically an acid, strong base or a salt, such as ZnCl2 and H3PO4 [42][43][44]. The chemicals are impregnated into the biomass prior to pyrolysis at a temperature of 450-900 °C.…”

Enhanced electro-oxidation resistance of carbon electrodes induced by phosphorus surface groups

“…Hulicova-Jurcakova et al compared carbons prepared from completely different precursors, showing quite different surface areas and oxygen contents, and by using a two-electrode cell [33], where a control of the electrode potential, necessary for a meaningful comparison among oxidation currents of different materials, cannot be achieved. Moreover, they assigned the enhanced oxidation resistance to the physical blockage of active sites by phosphate groups [33], thus, using arguments employed in the thermal-oxidative gasification of carbons [35][36][37][38][39][40]. On the other hand, instead of an effect on the oxidation resistance, Huang et al have recently objected that the P-groups, especially polyphosphates, play a critical role in stabilizing the surface of carbons during the reversible electrochemical hydrogen storage at low potentials [34].…”

“…Thus, whereas the presence of oxygen groups has been commonly found to be detrimental to the electrochemical stability [30], a beneficial influence of certain surface functionalities of nitrogen [31,32] or phosphorus [33,34] has been claimed. In spite of the promising perspectives for various applications, to the knowledge of the authors, there are few works proposing an enhanced electrochemical stability induced by Pfunctionalities and, in all cases, applied for widening the stability potential window of carbon-based supercapacitors [33,34].…”

“…In spite of the promising perspectives for various applications, to the knowledge of the authors, there are few works proposing an enhanced electrochemical stability induced by Pfunctionalities and, in all cases, applied for widening the stability potential window of carbon-based supercapacitors [33,34]. Nevertheless, apart from the significance of the results, neither the electro-oxidation behavior nor the enhanced stability effect were M A N U S C R I P T…”