Highly sensitive hydrogen sensors using palladium coated fiber optics with exposed cores and evanescent field interactions

Tabib-Azar, Massood; Sutapun, Boonsong; Petrick, Rose; Kazemi, Alex A.

doi:10.1016/s0925-4005(99)00177-x

Cited by 191 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The majority of the optical hydrogen sensors have been based on optical fibers [1], [2]. Though these sensors interestingly provide most of the advantages of optical sensors, such as immunity from electromagnetic interference, multiplexing capabilities and good sensitivity, they are less suited for integration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Ring Resonator-Based Integrated Optical Hydrogen Sensor

Yebo

Taillaert

Roels

et al. 2009

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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Abstract-We demonstrate a novel, highly sensitive integrated hydrogen sensor based on a silicon ring resonator on the silicon-oninsulator platform. The hydrogen sensitive element in the sensor structure is a platinum-doped tungsten oxide catalytic coating. The catalytic combustion of hydrogen in air leads to a local temperature rise in the ring resonator. The resulting thermo-optic effect shifts the ring resonator resonance. Resonance wavelength shifts higher than a nanometer are measured for hydrogen concentrations below the 4% lower explosion limit. A potentially tunable sensitivity of around 480 pm shift per %H 2 is achieved at an operating temperature of about 40 C.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Ring Resonator-Based Integrated Optical Hydrogen Sensor

Yebo

Taillaert

Roels

et al. 2009

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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“…PdH can exist in the pure α phase, the mixed α+β phase, or the pure β phase when the ambient hydrogen concentration is low, medium, or high, respectively. The phase transition points can occur anywhere from 0.1 to 2% hydrogen depending on the thickness, quality, and structure of the film [30][31][32] . When the concentration is below the transition point for the pure β phase, the optical and mechanical properties of the Pd film will recover after hydrogen removal 13,14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realization of palladium-based optomechanical cantilever hydrogen sensor

McKeown

Wang

et al. 2017

Microsyst Nanoeng

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Hydrogen has attracted attention as an alternative fuel source and as an energy storage medium. However, the flammability of hydrogen at low concentrations makes it a safety concern. Thus, gas concentration measurements are a vital safety issue. Here we present the experimental realization of a palladium thin film cantilever optomechanical hydrogen gas sensor. We measured the instantaneous shape of the cantilever to nanometer-level accuracy using diffraction phase microscopy. Thus, we were able to quantify changes in the curvature of the cantilever as a function of hydrogen concentration and observed that the sensor's minimum detection limit was well below the 250 p.p.m. limit of our test equipment. Using the change in curvature versus the hydrogen curve for calibration, we accurately determined the hydrogen concentrations for a random sequence of exposures. In addition, we calculated the change in film stress as a function of hydrogen concentration and observed a greater sensitivity at lower concentrations.Keywords: hydrogen detection; imaging and sensing; interference microscopy; optomechanics; optical sensors; surface dynamics INTRODUCTIONHydrogen has always been viewed as a promising alternative to fossil fuels, and it can also function as an effective energy storage medium for intermittent energy sources. In addition, hydrogen is used in a range of other industries, including chemical production, metal refining, and food processing. A major safety concern with hydrogen is combustibility. Therefore, early leak detection and concentration determination of hydrogen have been areas of intense research 1-3 . There are various types of hydrogen sensors that use a wide range of detection mechanisms. Lundström et al. 4 proposed metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-type hydrogen sensors 5 . However, MOS sensors suffer from drawbacks such as premature saturation of detectable hydrogen concentrations and low sensitivity. Other MOS-based devices have been used as hydrogen sensors, such as MOS field-effect transistors (FETs) 6,7 , high electron mobility transistors [8][9][10] , and Schottky diode-type FETs 11,12 . However, these devices require complicated fabrication processes and have high production costs. Optical gas sensors 13-21 not only overcome these disadvantages but also have other unique advantages, such as negligible electrical interference, no risk of ignition from an electrical spark, and the ability to work at high temperatures or in harsh environments.Palladium (Pd) can absorb up to 900 times its own weight in hydrogen gas at room temperature 22 . Compared with platinum 23 , Pd film is more popular because of its lower cost. Pd alloys with Ag, Au, Ni, and WO 3 have also been studied 24-29 because of their improved response time 24,25,27 , sensitivity 28,29 , and durability 26 as a sensing material. The alloys can avoid blistering effects 26 and the α to β phase transition at higher hydrogen concentrations 25,27 .

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“…At present there are several kinds of optical fiber hydrogen sensors, such as evanescent sensor [1][2][3][4][5][6], micro-mirror sensor [7][8], surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor [9], acoustic resonator sensor [10], and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor [11][12][13][14]. Although the evanescent and micro-mirror sensors are simple and inexpensive, their multiplexing capability is quite limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on optical fiber sensors with sensitive thin films

Yang

Dai

2011

Photonic Sens

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Abstract:The combination of fiber optics with nano-structure technologies and sensitive thin films offers great potential for the realization of novel sensor concepts. Miniatured optical fiber sensors with thin films as sensitive elements could open new fields for optical fiber sensor applications. Thin films work as sensitive elements and transducer to get response and feedback from environments, in which optical fibers are employed to work as signal carrier. This article presents some research work conducted at the National Engineering Laboratory for Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies in recent years. Concrete examples are: Pd/WO 3 co-sputtered coating as sensing material for optical hydrogen sensors shows robust mechanical stability and meanwhile good sensing performance; TbDyFe magnetostrictive coating directly deposited on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) demonstrates its possibility of miniature optical magnetic field/current sensors, and 40-pm shift of the FBG wavelength happens at a magnetic field order of 50 mT.

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Highly sensitive hydrogen sensors using palladium coated fiber optics with exposed cores and evanescent field interactions

Cited by 191 publications

References 6 publications

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Ring Resonator-Based Integrated Optical Hydrogen Sensor

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Ring Resonator-Based Integrated Optical Hydrogen Sensor

Realization of palladium-based optomechanical cantilever hydrogen sensor

Review on optical fiber sensors with sensitive thin films

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