Highly Sensitive Chemo-Resistive Ammonia Sensor Based on Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Doped Polyaniline Thin Film

Improved Ammonia Sensing by Solution Processed Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Doped Polyaniline Nanorod Networks

“…Human beings can briefly tolerate the pungent odor of the Ammonia in the range 5 to 50 ppm while the irritation effect starts when the concentration approaches to ∼25 to 50 ppm for 2 to 6 h. But its presence over 100 ppm in environment (due to nearby petrochemical plants, refrigeration leakage, pig farming etc.) can be of serious concerns for human health and safety [7]. Ammonia interacts immediately upon contact with available moisture in the skin, eyes, oral cavity,…”

“…Different materialistic candidates viz. metal/metal oxide [19]- [21], carbonaceous materials [22]- [23], conducting polymer [7], [24]- [27], have been exploited as sensing element of chemi-resistor. However, metal oxide based gas sensors suffer from several drawbacks such as elevated operating temperature, high costs, complex fabrication steps, and high power consumption.…”

“…The general routes for making processable PANI based nanostructured material involve either polymerization of aniline in presence of inorganic acids, followed by undoping with a base and redoping with bulky counter-ion dopants or direct polymerization in the presence of surfactant dopants [42]. However, the use of indirect routes [7], [39] to realize highly doped yet processable PANI nanostructures of desired shape add complexity to the system, whereas the direct route [41], [43] demand strict control over dopant concentration and residual dopant to regulate doping level, particle morphology, dispersibility etc. The mix dopant approach has also been used by researchers but the optimization of properties becomes extremely difficult [33], [38], [40].…”

A Printed and Microfabricated Sensor Device for the Sensitive Low Volume Measurement of Aqueous Ammonia

“…It is this deprotonation that causes changes in the observable conductive behaviour. There are many polyaniline‐based ammonia gas sensors in the literature, with a wide variety of fabrication techniques and sensing applications . Polyaniline can also be used for the detection of ammonia in aqueous environments.…”

Ammonia Sensing by PANI-DBSA Based Gas Sensor Exploiting Kelvin Probe Technique

“…In this context, conjugated polymers and their nanocomposites have shown great promise as gas sensing material due to advantages in terms of facile synthesis; tunable electrical and optoelectronic properties; processing via solution route; good sensitivity of their thin film based sensor towards a number of acidic/basic gases; improved response, recovery, and sensitivity and, most importantly, room temperature operation [7,[12][13][14][15][16][17]. Among various conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI) is considered the most promising material for gas sensing purpose, due to its low monomer cost, lab scale synthesis via chemical route, and flexibility in tuning of electrical properties, particle morphology, environmental/thermal stability, and processability via selection of dopant and adjustment of oxidation level [7,12,18,19]. In particular, its ability to undergo nonredox doping via protonic acid dopants and undoping by base in reversible manner makes PANI an ideal candidate for sensing of a number of toxic gases having acidic/basic character or electron donating/accepting nature [7].…”