Highly Sensitive Built‐In Strain Sensors for Polymer Composites: Fluorescence Turn‐On Response through Mechanochemical Activation

Li, Zhong’an; Toivola, Ryan; Ding, Fazhu; Yang, Jeffrey; Lai, Po−Ni; Howie, Tucker; Georgeson, Gary; Jang, Sei‐Hum; Li, Xiaosong; Flinn, Brian D.; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.

doi:10.1002/adma.201600589

Cited by 58 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…[14] These polymers contain mechanophores such as spiropyran [6b] and azo units, [15] as well as epoxide, [16] b-lactam, [17] dioxe-tane, [18] and rhodamine moieties, [19] among others. [20] Several examples involve noncovalent (supramolecular) motifs [21] and coordination bonds. [22] Sijbesma and co-workers demonstrated the reversible mechanically induced dissociation of aP d-phosphane bond embedded in al inear polymer using ultrasound.…”

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confidence: 99%

Triggered Metal Ion Release and Oxidation: Ferrocene as a Mechanophore in Polymers

et al. 2018

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The introduction of mechanophores into polymers makes it possible to transduce mechanical forces into chemical reactions that can be used to impart functions such as self-healing, catalytic activity, and mechanochromic response. Here, an example of mechanically induced metal ion release from a polymer is reported. Ferrocene (Fc) was incorporated as an iron ion releasing mechanophore into poly(methyl acrylate)s (PMAs) and polyurethanes (PUs). Sonication triggered the preferential cleavage of the polymers at the Fc units over other bonds, as shown by a kinetic study of the molar mass distribution of the cleaved Fc-containing and Fc-free reference polymers. The released and oxidized iron ions can be detected with KSCN to generate the red-colored [Fe(SCN) (H O) )] complex or reacted with K [Fe(CN) ] to afford Prussian blue.

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confidence: 99%

Triggered Metal Ion Release and Oxidation: Ferrocene as a Mechanophore in Polymers

et al. 2018

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“…When the resulting epoxy resins were compressed, they started to fluoresce due to the cleavage of the cyclobutane ring and recovery of the cinnamoyl moiety. Flinn and co‐workers reacted a dipolar fluorescent dye with bifunctional amines to obtain a nonfluorescent molecule with pendent amine groups, which allowed the covalent incorporation of the mechanophore into an epoxy resin . Compression forces cleaved off the amines, thus regenerating the dipolar dye and turning its fluorescence on.…”

Section: Mechanochromic Fiber‐reinforced Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Reporting Fiber‐Reinforced Composites That Mimic the Ability of Biological Materials to Sense and Report Damage

et al. 2018

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Sensing of damage, deformation, and mechanical forces is of vital importance in many applications of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, as it allows the structural health and integrity of composite components to be monitored and microdamage to be detected before it leads to catastrophic material failure. Bioinspired and biomimetic approaches to self-sensing and self-reporting materials are reviewed. Examples include bruising coatings and bleeding composites based on dye-filled microcapsules, hollow fibers, and vascular networks. Force-induced changes in color, fluorescence, or luminescence are achieved by mechanochromic epoxy resins, or by mechanophores and force-responsive proteins located at the interface of glass/carbon fibers and polymers. Composites can also feel strain, stress, and damage through embedded optical and electrical sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating sensors, or by resistance measurements of dispersed carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes. Bioinspired composites with the ability to show autonomously if and where they have been damaged lead to a multitude of opportunities for aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and wind-turbine applications. They range from safety features for the detection of barely visible impact damage, to the real-time monitoring of deformation of load-bearing components.

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“…And this microcapsule has great flexibility and recovery properties. Different from the mechanical‐induced visual polymers changing the molecular formula, the mechanical‐induced microcapsules can indicate different strains and can be used repeatedly through physical changes …”

Section: Principle Of Visual Microencapsulation Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcapsule‐Based Visualization Smart Sensors for Damage Detection: Principles and Applications

Zheng

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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The smart sensor is an effective way to detect damage and improve structural safety in structural health monitoring. Microcapsule‐based visualization sensors stand out from the smart sensors. Here, the research progress of microcapsule visualization materials in recent years is summarized and the sensing principles, influence factors, performances, applications, and future prospects are introduced. The way to achieve the visualizing function of microcapsule visualization sensors is the fabrication of microcapsules that are encapsulated with solutions of dyes or indicator. When the protective shell of microcapsules is broken, the dyes will be released and activated under optical, chemical, or mechanical conditions. These visualized microcapsules can be added to the interior of the structure or prepared as a coating to provide structural health monitoring of the interior and surface of the structure. They can accurately detect microcracks and highlight them in bright colors. Additionally, the structural health monitoring applications of microcapsule visualization sensing coatings in concrete, asphalt, and steel are presented with detailed examples. The development and application of these microcapsule visualization sensors are of great significance in improving the structural life and avoiding structural failure in engineering.

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Highly Sensitive Built‐In Strain Sensors for Polymer Composites: Fluorescence Turn‐On Response through Mechanochemical Activation

Cited by 58 publications

References 39 publications

Triggered Metal Ion Release and Oxidation: Ferrocene as a Mechanophore in Polymers

Triggered Metal Ion Release and Oxidation: Ferrocene as a Mechanophore in Polymers

Self‐Reporting Fiber‐Reinforced Composites That Mimic the Ability of Biological Materials to Sense and Report Damage

Microcapsule‐Based Visualization Smart Sensors for Damage Detection: Principles and Applications

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