Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensors Based on Microstructured Metal Nanowire/Elastomer Composite Films

Kim, Kang-Hyun; Jang, Nam-Su; Ha, Sung‐Hun; Cho, Ji Hwan; Kim, Jong-Man

doi:10.1002/smll.201704232

Cited by 172 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…To satisfy the growing interests, significant efforts have been made to improve their overall performances. Various materials and structures, including nanosize metals, conductive polymers, nanocarbon materials, and fiber or core–shell structure, have been utilized to enhance the sensitivity, stretchability, linearity, and stability. Unfortunately, however, these strain sensors are designed to mainly detect a uniaxial strain while sensing multidirectional strains has rarely been accomplished, restricting their widespread applications .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Aligned, Anisotropic Carbon Nanofiber Films for Multidirectional Strain Sensors with Exceptional Selectivity

Lee

Kim

Liú

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

158

123

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Realization of sensing multidirectional strains is essential to understanding the nature of complex motions. Traditional uniaxial strain sensors lack the capability to detect motions working in different directions, limiting their applications in unconventional sensing technology areas, like sophisticated human-machine interface and real-time monitoring of dynamic body movements. Herein, a stretchable multidirectional strain sensor is developed using highly aligned, anisotropic carbon nanofiber (ACNF) films via a facile, low-cost, and scalable electrospinning approach. The fabricated strain sensor exhibits semitransparency, good stretchability of over 30%, outstanding durability for over 2500 cycles, and remarkable anisotropic strain sensing performance with maximum gauge factors of 180 and 0.3 for loads applied parallel and perpendicular to fiber alignment, respectively. Cross-plied ACNF strain sensors are fabricated by orthogonally stacking two singlelayer ACNFs, which present a unique capability to distinguish the directions and magnitudes of strains with a remarkable selectivity of 3.84, highest among all stretchable multidirectional strain sensors reported so far. Their unconventional applications are demonstrated by detecting multi-degrees-offreedom synovial joint movements of the human body and monitoring wrist movements for systematic improvement of golf performance. The potential applications of novel multidirectional sensors reported here may shed new light into future development of next-generation soft, flexible electronics.To satisfy the growing interests, significant efforts have been made to improve their overall performances. Various materials and structures, [14][15][16][17][18] including nanosize metals, [19][20][21][22] conductive polymers, [23][24][25] nanocarbon materials, [26][27][28][29][30] and fiber or core-shell structure, [14,16,31] have been utilized to enhance the sensitivity, stretchability, linearity, and stability. Unfortunately, however, these strain sensors are designed to mainly detect a uniaxial strain while sensing multidirectional strains has rarely been accomplished, restricting their widespread applications. [32,33] The difficulty in achieving multidirectional strain sensing is due to the macro-or microscopically isotropic nature of conducting networks of strain sensors, which usually experience similar deformation upon stretching in any direction. To address this issue, geometrically engineered flexible strain gauge rosettes [34] and cross-shaped strain sensors [35] composed of isotropic piezoresistive materials were introduced previously. However, they showed a limited success with a small sensing range and an insufficient capability to distinguish the changes in multiaxial strain conditions because the isotropic piezoresistive materials experience significant destruction in their networks at high strains, regardless of the loading directions. To measure complex motions in 3D space with high accuracy requires rational design and use of suitable materials capable of detect...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Aligned, Anisotropic Carbon Nanofiber Films for Multidirectional Strain Sensors with Exceptional Selectivity

Lee

Kim

Liú

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

158

123

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“…A crucial step in the design of stretchable strain sensors is the selection of appropriate materials, assembled structures, and fabrication methods. Various conductive materials including carbon nanomaterials (e.g., carbon blacks [CBs], carbon nanotubes [CNTs], graphene and its derivatives), [6,9,34,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] metal nanowires (NWs), nanofibers (NFs), and nanoparticles (NPs), [8,16,[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] MXenes (e.g., Ti 3 C 2 T x ), [10,80,81] ionic liquid, [82,83] hybrid micro-/nanostructures, [84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]…”

Section: Strain Sensing Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable and Stretchable Strain Sensors: Materials, Sensing Mechanisms, and Applications

Souri¹,

Banerjee

Jusufi

et al. 2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

409

289

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Recent advances in the design and implementation of wearable resistive, capacitive, and optical strain sensors are summarized herein. Wearable and stretchable strain sensors have received extensive research interest due to their applications in personalized healthcare, human motion detection, human–machine interfaces, soft robotics, and beyond. The disconnection of overlapped nanomaterials, reversible opening/closing of microcracks in sensing films, and alteration of the tunneling resistance have been successfully adopted to develop high‐performance resistive‐type sensors. On the other hand, the sensing behavior of capacitive‐type and optical strain sensors is largely governed by their geometrical changes under stretching/releasing cycles. The sensor design parameters, including stretchability, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, and dynamic durability, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the promising applications of wearable strain sensors are highlighted in detail. Although considerable progress has been made so far, wearable strain sensors are still in their prototype stage, and several challenges in the manufacturing of integrated and multifunctional strain sensors should be yet tackled.

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“…Stretchable conductors have drawn enormous consideration attributed to its significantly flexible, lightweight, and sensory features . These conductors provide huge opportunities for promising applications of artificial muscles, skin sensors, biological actuators, stretchable displays, electronic eye cameras, intelligent robot arms, and others .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent, Highly Stretchable, Rehealable, Sensing, and Fully Recyclable Ionic Conductors Fabricated by One‐Step Polymerization Based on a Small Biological Molecule

Dang

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

183

126

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To date, various stretchable conductors have been fabricated, but simultaneous realization of the transparency, high stretchability, electrical conductivity, self-healing capability, and sensing property through a simple, fast, cost-efficient approach is still challenging. Here, α-lipoic acid (LA), a naturally small biological molecule found in humans and animals, is used to fabricate transparent (>85%), electrical conductivity, highly stretchable (strain up to 1100%), and rehealable (mechanical healing efficiency of 86%, electrical healing efficiency of 96%) ionic conductor by solvent-free one-step polymerization. Furthermore, the ionic conductors with appealing sensitivity can be served as strain sensors to detect and distinguish various human activities. Notably, this ionic conductor can be fully recycled and reprocessed into new ionic conductors or adhesives by a direct heating process, which offers a promising prospect in great reduction of electronic wastes that have brought acute environmental pollution. In consideration of the extremely facile preparation process, biological available materials, satisfactory functionalities, and full recyclability, the emergence of LA-based ionic conductors is believed to open up a new avenue for developing sustainable and wearable electronic devices in the future.features. [1][2][3][4] These conductors provide huge opportunities for promising applications of artificial muscles, skin sensors, biological actuators, stretchable displays, electronic eye cameras, intelligent robot arms, and others. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] It was well known that the conventional electronic conductors are normally prepared from waferbased materials, which possess several drawbacks including fragility, rigidity, and low conductivity under large-scale deformations. [12] They cannot satisfy the demands of high stretchability, flexibility, durability, and stability. To achieve these criteria, strain engineering and nanocomposites are the two most adoptable strategies to fabricate stretchable conductors. In the first strategy, nonstretchable inorganic materials, such as silicon and metals, are geometrically patterned into buckled, serpentine structures on elastomeric substrates that renders the conductors excellent sensitivity and larger workable range of strain. [10,13,14] Nonetheless, most resultant conductors still show narrow range of strain from 20% to 70%, [15] and presents out-of-plane patterns that is difficult to encapsulate. Meanwhile, this strategy usually involves expensive and very complicated techniques, which greatly limits the further development of these conductors. Integrating conductive fillers into polymer matrix to produce nanocomposites used as stretchable conductors is the second strategy. [16] So far, various nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, [17][18][19][20] carbon black, [21] graphene-based materials, [22,23] metal nanowires, and nanoparticles, [24,25] have been used as conductive fillers because of their unique mechanical and electrical properties. Although the robu...

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Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensors Based on Microstructured Metal Nanowire/Elastomer Composite Films

Cited by 172 publications

References 33 publications

Highly Aligned, Anisotropic Carbon Nanofiber Films for Multidirectional Strain Sensors with Exceptional Selectivity

Highly Aligned, Anisotropic Carbon Nanofiber Films for Multidirectional Strain Sensors with Exceptional Selectivity

Wearable and Stretchable Strain Sensors: Materials, Sensing Mechanisms, and Applications

Transparent, Highly Stretchable, Rehealable, Sensing, and Fully Recyclable Ionic Conductors Fabricated by One‐Step Polymerization Based on a Small Biological Molecule

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