Highly Sensitive and Selective Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Method Employing a Lead Film Screen‐printed Electrode for Determination of Cobalt as its Nioximate Complex

Abstract

[a] 1Introduction Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are electrochemical sensors that are expected to be widely used in numerous real-lifea pplications such as biology,m edicine, environmentalp rotection, and electronics.T hanks to mass productiona nd relatively low cost, SPEs can be disposed of after as ingle use.M oreover,i ntegrated screen-printed electrodes comprising 3-electrodes on one strip require smaller amounts of samples,w hich decreasest he volume of the solutions used and the waste generated.B efore the application of the SPE in voltammetric analysis its surface is frequently modified with additional layers, resulting in improved its performance.I nt he last 15 years,n onmercury modifications of voltammetric electrodesh ave become widespread. Bi [1][2][3][4][5][6][7],S b[ 8-10],S n [ 11,12],P b [13,14] and other metal films deposited on different supports have found wide application in electroanalytical practicea sn on-toxic or less toxic alternativest om ercury electrodes.Taking into account the fact that the median lethal dose (LD50) values for water-soluble acetatesa re equal to 40 mg/kg for Hg(II), 4665 mg/kgf or Pb(II), and 5000 mg/kg for Bi(III), it may be concluded that the toxicity of Pb(II)a nd Bi(III) is ca. two orders of magnitude lower than that of Hg(II) [15].T hesee lectrodes have mostly been utilized for the anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb,C d, Zn, Tl;h owever, cases of adsorptives tripping voltammetric (AdSV) quantification of some metals,m ostly Ni and Co,a tt hese film electrodes have also been reported [6,13,14,16,17].I np articular, lead film electrodes deposited in-situ at the glassy carbon (GC) support offer outstanding performance in terms of selectivity and sensitivity in AdSV determinationo fs ome metals,s uch as Ni, Co [13,14,[18][19][20] TheA dSVp rocedures utilizingt he dioximate complexes belong to the most sensitivea nd selective analytical methodso fC oa nd Ni determination [ 6,24].A mong them, the method with dimethylglyoxime (DMG) is commonly used as the standard procedure [25,26].H owever, in the case of Co,t he AdSV method with nioxime [27], and especially its catalytic version with nioximea nd nitrite [6,24,[28][29][30][31][32],a ppear to be the mosts ensitive.I ndependently of the voltammetric mode used, the AdSV response of Co(II) in the presence of nioximei st wo to five times highert han that for DMG [27,28].T herefore,t he nioximel igand proved to be very effective for the quantificationo fu ltratrace levels of Co in ocean water using AdSV [27] and catalytic AdSV in variousm aterials at the mercurya nd otherm etallicf ilm electrodes [6,18,19,24,[28][29][30][31][32].I ts hould also be mentioned that Baars and Croot have recently founda nother extremely sensitive CAdSV method of Co(II) determination exploiting bromate instead of nitrite as an oxidant [ 33,34].T hey observed that the catalytic enhancement was much higher for DMG than for the nioximel igand.H ence,t he highest sensitivity of the CAdSV procedure of Co(II) determination may be re...

Tellurium Film Electrodes Deposited on Carbon and Mesoporous Carbon Screen‐printed Substrates for Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Copper

“…The first adaptations of screen‐printed technology to the stripping analysis of trace metals were presented in the 1990s. However, great progress in the detection of heavy metal traces has been achieved in the last two decades, after screen‐printed carbon substrates were modified with a thin metal film of Bi , Sb , Sn or Pb . These metals have the ability to form alloys with heavy metals and exhibit high cathodic hydrogen overpotential, thus improving the sensitivity of anodic (Bi, Sb and Sn films SPEs) and adsorptive stripping voltammetric (PbF‐SPEs) procedures.…”

Complexation-Based Detection of Nickel(II) at a Graphene-Chelate Probe in the Presence of Cobalt and Zinc by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry

“…A wide range of complexing agents have been employed in stripping analysis and are highly dependent on the application. Dioximes such as, nioxime [ 11 , 12 , 13 ] and more popularly dimethylglyoxime (DMG) [ 8 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] have gained widespread attention.…”

“…Mercury film (MF) [ 25 , 26 ], lead film (LF) [ 11 , 15 , 27 ] and bismuth film (BF) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] electrodes, prepared by ex-situ and in-situ plating techniques have been widely employed as alternatives to the highly toxic hanging mercury drop electrodes (HMDE) and their development for analytical applications is still of great interest. While more environmentally friendly and of lower toxic nature, the MFE, LFE and BFE still pose toxic effects in the environment, owing to their non-biodegradable nature.…”

Rapid and sensitive determination of cobalt by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry using tin–bismuth alloy electrode

“…6) . This was probably attributed to the In situ plated lead film glassy carbon electrode SW-AdCSV DMG 1-100 nM 280 pM (t acc = 120 s) [28] In situ plated lead film glassy carbon electrode CC-CAdSCP DMG 0.75-8 nM 0.4 nM (t acc = 210 s) [9] In situ plated lead film screen-printed electrode SW-AdCSV DMG 50-500 nM 5 nM (t acc = 90 s) [27] In situ lead film carbon screen-printed electrode SW-AdCSV Nioxime 0.5-210 nM 50 pM (t acc = 120 s) [29] In situ plated lead-copper film electrode DMG dimethylglyoxime, SW-AdCSV square wave adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, DP-AdCSV differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, CC-CAdSCP catalytic adsorptive stripping chronopotentiometric Fig. 6 Effect of possible interfering species on the Co 2+ determination at the SnBiE.…”

“…For the bismuth film and tinbismuth film electrode, when they are used in AdSV analysis where alkaline solutions are typical supporting electrolytes, it is inconvenient because of the risk of hydrolysis of Bi 3+ species [23,26] which limits its practical applications. Then, some concerns were focused on lead film electrode [27][28][29] and lead-copper film electrode [30]. Lead can be stabilized easily at mild alkaline pH, but it is widely known as a toxic metal.…”