Abstract:The development of hydrogel-based molecularly imprinted polymer (HydroMIPs) technology for the memory imprinting of proteins and for protein biosensor development presents many possibilities, including uses in bio-sample clean-up or selective extraction, replacement of biological antibodies in immunoassays and biosensors for medicine and the environment. Biosensors for proteins and viruses are currently expensive to develop because they require the use of expensive antibodies. Because of their biomimicry capab… Show more
“…It is interesting to notice that this procedure is reminiscent of the experimental techniques used to produce molecular moulds. [331][332][333][334] …”
Limited bonding valence, usually accompanied by well-defined directional interactions and selective bonding mechanisms, is nowadays considered among the key ingredients to create complex structures with tailored properties: even though isotropically interacting units already guarantee access to a vast range of functional materials, anisotropic interactions can provide extra instructions to steer the assembly of specific architectures. The anisotropy of effective interactions gives rise to a wealth of self-assembled structures both in the realm of suitably synthesized nano-and micro-sized building blocks and in nature, where the isotropy of interactions is often a zero-th order description of the complicated reality.In this review, we span a vast range of systems characterized by limited bonding valence, from patchy colloids of new generation to polymer-based functionalized nanoparticles, DNA-based systems and proteins, and describe how the interaction patterns of the single building blocks can be designed to tailor the properties of the target final structures.
“…It is interesting to notice that this procedure is reminiscent of the experimental techniques used to produce molecular moulds. [331][332][333][334] …”
Limited bonding valence, usually accompanied by well-defined directional interactions and selective bonding mechanisms, is nowadays considered among the key ingredients to create complex structures with tailored properties: even though isotropically interacting units already guarantee access to a vast range of functional materials, anisotropic interactions can provide extra instructions to steer the assembly of specific architectures. The anisotropy of effective interactions gives rise to a wealth of self-assembled structures both in the realm of suitably synthesized nano-and micro-sized building blocks and in nature, where the isotropy of interactions is often a zero-th order description of the complicated reality.In this review, we span a vast range of systems characterized by limited bonding valence, from patchy colloids of new generation to polymer-based functionalized nanoparticles, DNA-based systems and proteins, and describe how the interaction patterns of the single building blocks can be designed to tailor the properties of the target final structures.
“…Studies on polyacrylamide hydrogel-based MIPs have demonstrated sensitivity and selectivity towards several proteins with different biological roles, sizes and electrochemical activities, namely haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and catalase [47,48,49]. Further improvements in terms of MIP selectivity have been attempted by including a metal chelating complex comprising bifunctional vinyl groups with the ability to co-polymerize within the polyacrylamide matrix [50]. These advanced imprinted cavities with metal-coding for enhanced selective protein recognition showed higher BSA binding and selectivity.…”
Section: Polymeric Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These advanced imprinted cavities with metal-coding for enhanced selective protein recognition showed higher BSA binding and selectivity. These results may be explained by a better macroporosity and stability of the polymer backbone, as well as additional metal contribution to favorable interactions with the protein [50]. Hydrogel polymers undergo a reversible volume transition between swollen and collapsed phases.…”
Biosensors are a promising tool offering the possibility of low cost and fast analytical screening in point-of-care diagnostics and for on-site detection in the field. Most biosensors in routine use ensure their selectivity/specificity by including natural receptors as biorecognition element. These materials are however too expensive and hard to obtain for every biochemical molecule of interest in environmental and clinical practice. Molecularly imprinted polymers have emerged through time as an alternative to natural antibodies in biosensors. In theory, these materials are stable and robust, presenting much higher capacity to resist to harsher conditions of pH, temperature, pressure or organic solvents. In addition, these synthetic materials are much cheaper than their natural counterparts while offering equivalent affinity and sensitivity in the molecular recognition of the target analyte. Imprinting technology and biosensors have met quite recently, relying mostly on electrochemical detection and enabling a direct reading of different analytes, while promoting significant advances in various fields of use. Thus, this review encompasses such developments and describes a general overview for building promising biomimetic materials as biorecognition elements in electrochemical sensors. It includes different molecular imprinting strategies such as the choice of polymer material, imprinting methodology and assembly on the transduction platform. Their interface with the most recent nanostructured supports acting as standard conductive materials within electrochemical biomimetic sensors is pointed out.
“…MIPs found early application for solid phase extraction of drugs and pesticides 27 , and more recently for bioanalyte detection and as biosensors 28, 29 . In particular, hydrogel MIPs based on polyacrylamide (PAA) and derivatives thereof were realised for selective recognition of bio-macromolecules, including, but not limited to, small regularly shaped globular proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) 30, 31 or haemoglobin 32, 33 . Protein-based MIPs were also tested as nucleates for protein crystallisation 34 .Figure 1Schematic overview of R-MIP preparation.…”
Whilst the profiling of the transcriptome and proteome even of single-cells becomes feasible, the analysis of the translatome, which refers to all messenger RNAs (mRNAs) engaged with ribosomes for protein synthesis, is still an elaborate procedure requiring millions of cells. Herein, we report the generation and use of “smart materials”, namely molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to facilitate the isolation of ribosomes and translated mRNAs from merely 1,000 cells. In particular, we show that a hydrogel-based ribosome imprinted polymer could recover ribosomes and associated mRNAs from human, simian and mice cellular extracts, but did not selectively enrich yeast ribosomes, thereby demonstrating selectivity. Furthermore, ribosome imprinted polymers enabled the sensitive measurement of an mRNA translational regulatory event, requiring 1,000-fold less cells than current methodologies. These results provide first evidence for the suitability of MIPs to selectively recover ribonucleoprotein complexes such as ribosomes, founding a novel means for sensitive detection of gene regulation.
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