Highly Robust Indium‐Free Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Composites of Silver Nanowires and Conductive Metal Oxides

Zilberberg, Kirill; Gasse, Felix; Pagui, Richie; Polywka, Andreas; Behrendt, Andreas; Trost, Sara; Heiderhoff, R.; Görrn, Patrick; Riedl, Thomas

doi:10.1002/adfm.201303108

Cited by 146 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…To overcome some of these challenges, NWs can be embedded in transparent dielectrics, conductive polymers, [92] graphene oxide, [93] and metal oxides. [94] Stability data on NW electrodes are not widely reported, but recent efforts indicate possibilities to improve the performance of transparent NW electrodes. The properties of Ag NWs, CNTs, and several other nanostructures for applications as transparent electrodes, optimization approaches and performance have been extensively reviewed in ref.…”

Section: Metal Nanowires Nano-and Microgrids and Ultrathin Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

345

288

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With the development of new generations of optoelectronic devices that combine high performance and novel functionalities (e.g., flexibility/bendability, adaptability, semi or full transparency), several classes of transparent electrodes have been developed in recent years. These range from optimized transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), which are historically the most commonly used transparent electrodes, to new electrodes made from nano‐ and 2D materials (e.g., metal nanowire networks and graphene), and to hybrid electrodes that integrate TCOs or dielectrics with nanowires, metal grids, or ultrathin metal films. Here, the most relevant transparent electrodes developed to date are introduced, their fundamental properties are described, and their materials are classified according to specific application requirements in high efficiency solar cells and flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This information serves as a guideline for selecting and developing appropriate transparent electrodes according to intended application requirements and functionality.

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Section: Metal Nanowires Nano-and Microgrids and Ultrathin Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

345

288

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…7, inset). These devices have been extensively studied in the literature [20,[24][25][26]. The silver top electrode is manufactured by: (1) direct PVD on top of the MoO 3 (reference), (2) transfer printing of a PVD film (PVD transfer-printed) as well as (3) transfer printing of an ELD film (ELD transfer-printed), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) studied in this work contain the following layers: glass/ITO/sol-gelTiOx (80 nm)/P3HT:PC60BM (200 nm)/evaporated-MoO 3 (60 nm)/Ag [20]. The active device area is 2 mm 2 and was defined by photolithography.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer printing of electrodes for organic devices: nanoscale versus macroscale continuity

et al. 2015

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While transfer printing is a powerful technique to prepare micro-and nanostructured thin films, the preparation of continuous large-area electrodes via transfer printing is challenging. In this paper, we find discontinuity on the nanoscale as requirement for the successful transfer printing of large-area (marcoscale) continuous electrodes. We demonstrate that silver films deposited by physical vapor deposition or electroless deposition (ELD) can be used to form top electrodes for organic devices. However, the transfer of ELD films appears more promising. It enables vacuum-free room-temperature processing of metal top electrodes. As a case study, the top electrode of an organic solar cell was fabricated this way. The resulting power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.20 % is about 85 % of the PCE of the reference device with a vacuumdeposited silver electrode.

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“…In addition, by introducing upper oxide layers in conformal contact with MeNW-networks, the adhesion properties toward substrates were enhanced, compared with the case of solely using MeNW-network electrodes, endowing mechanical robustness to the resulting layer-structured PCSs. [144] …”

Section: Optoelectronic Limitation Of Menws Incorporated In Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal‐Nanowire‐Electrode‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenging Issues and New Opportunities

Ahn

Hwang

Jeong

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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in PSCs has been accomplished within a relatively short period of time, owing to OMHP's merits for low-cost, large-area, flexible photovoltaic applications; these merits include (i) the precursor chemicals, including organic ammonium halides and lead (tin) halides, for synthesizing the OMHP materials are cost-effective, and the OMHP layers can be readily prepared by simple wet-chemical approaches such as a spin coating or a slot-die coating process; (ii) the processing temperatures are relatively low, below 150 °C, for the formation of well-crystalized OMHP layers, in contrast to other thin-film-based solar cells; (iii) both the high absorption coefficients [6] and high carrier mobilities [7] suggest promising possibilities for highperformance photoactive materials. The PCE certified by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reached 22.1% in 2016, [8] which is either comparable to or outperforms the PCEs of other next-generation thin-film solar cells, including CIGS(Se) (22.3%), CZTS/Se (12.6%), CdTe (22.1%), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs, 11.5%).Apart from the race to achieve higher PCE, other important research has been directed toward the development of lead-free OMHP layers, [9] large-area device fabrication, [10,11] a methodology of achieving long-term stability against moisture and irradiation, [12,13] and a way of recycling constituent cell materials. [14] Another fascinating research topic concerns the electrodes for PSCs. To date, vacuum-deposited transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorinated tin oxide (FTO), have been used widely as a large-area window electrode through which light passes. However, TCOs have received criticism in terms of their fabrication cost, brittleness, and the scarcity of raw materials (especially, the indium in ITO). [15] Opaque noble metal electrodes (Au, Ag), which are usually used as a back contact, are also fabricated with a costly vacuum-assisted deposition process. From the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness, both transparent and opaque conventional electrodes apparently represent predominant impediments to the high-throughput fabrication of PSCs, giving rise to a significant demand to replace these conventional electrodes with alternatives.To date, a variety of alternative electrodes have been reported in the literature.

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Highly Robust Indium‐Free Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Composites of Silver Nanowires and Conductive Metal Oxides

Cited by 146 publications

References 49 publications

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Transfer printing of electrodes for organic devices: nanoscale versus macroscale continuity

Metal‐Nanowire‐Electrode‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenging Issues and New Opportunities

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