Highly Resistant<i>Salmonella</i>Newport‐MDRAmpC Transmitted through the Domestic US Food Supply: A FoodNet Case‐Control Study of Sporadic<i>Salmonella</i>Newport Infections, 2002–2003

Varma, Jay K.; Marcus, Ruthanne; Stenzel, Sara A.; Hanna, Simon; Gettner, Sharmeen; Anderson, Bridget J.; Hayes, Tameka; Shiferaw, Beletshachew; Crume, Tessa; Joyce, Kevin; Fullerton, Kathleen E.; Voetsch, Andrew C.; Angulo, Frederick J.

doi:10.1086/505084

Cited by 112 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In 1984, a strain of S. Newport with resistance to cephalosporins originating in cattle in the USA, was traced through the food chain to humans (Holmberg et al, 1984). In a US FoodNet case-control study of sporadic multiple-resistant S. Newport infections, (Varma et al, 2006) concluded that patients were more likely to have consumed uncooked ground beef or runny scrambled eggs or omelettes prepared in the home.…”

Section: Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

2011

EFSA Journal

240

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The potential contribution of food-producing animals or foods to public health risks by ESBL and/or AmpCproducing bacteria is related to specific plasmid-mediated ESBL and/or AmpC genes encoded by a number of organisms. The predominant ESBL families encountered are CTX-M, TEM, and SHV; the predominant AmpCfamily is CMY. The most common genes associated with this resistance in animals are bla CTX-M-1 (the most commonly identified ESBL), and bla CTX-M-14 , followed by bla and bla Among the genes encoding AmpC-type β-lactamases, bla CMY-2 is the most common.The bacterial species most commonly identified with these genes are Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella. ESBL/AmpC transmission is mainly driven by integrons, insertion sequences, transposons and plasmids, some of which are homologous in isolates from both food-production animals and humans. Cefotaxime is used as the drug of choice for optimum detection of bla ESBL and/or bla AmpC genes. The preferred method for isolation of ESBL-and/or AmpC-producers is screening on selective agar preceded by selective enrichment in a broth.The establishment of risk factors for occurrence of ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria is particularly complicated by the data unavailability or lack of its accuracy. The use of antimicrobials is a risk factor for the selection and spread of resistant clones, resistance genes and plasmids. Since most ESBL-and AmpC-producing strains carry additional resistances to other commonly-used veterinary drugs, generic antimicrobial use is a risk factor for ESBL/AmpC and it is not restricted specifically to the use of cephalosporins. An additional risk factor is extensive trade of animals in EU MS. There are no data on the comparative efficiency of individual control options in reducing public health risks caused by ESBL and/or AmpC-producing bacteria related to food-producing animals. Prioritisation is complex, but it is considered that a highly effective control option would be to stop all uses of cephalosporins/systemically active 3 rd /4 th generation cephalosporins, or to restrict their use (use only allowed under specific circumstances). As co-resistance is an important issue, it is also of high priority to decrease the total antimicrobial use in animal production in the EU. KEY WORDSResistance, ESBLs, AmpC, occurrence, transmission, control options, public health microbiology. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum beta (β)-lactamases (ESBL) and/or AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) in food and foodproducing animals. In particular, the Panel was asked: (i) to propose a definition of the ESBL-and/or AmpC-producing bacterial strains and genes relevant for public health and linked to food-producing animals or food borne transmission; (ii) to review the information on the epidemiology of acquired resistance to broad spectrum cephalosporins including the genes coding for ...

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Section: Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

2011

EFSA Journal

240

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“…However, antimicrobial treatment of invasive salmonellosis has been complicated by an increase in Salmonella bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials (16,47). Additionally, several studies concluded that infections with Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials, known as multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella, are more invasive than infections caused by non-MDR Salmonella (20,39,61,62). Infants are at higher risk for invasive salmonellosis (63), and the incidence of laboratory-confirmed NTS in infants (children less than 1 year old) is much greater than in other age groups (17,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence, Enumeration, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypes of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Carcasses at Two Large United States Pork Processing Plants

Schmidt

Brichta-Harhay

Kalchayanand

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The objective of this study was to characterize Salmonella enterica contamination on carcasses in two large U.S. commercial pork processing plants. The carcasses were sampled at three points, before scalding (prescald), after dehairing/polishing but before evisceration (preevisceration), and after chilling (chilled final). The overall prevalences of Salmonella on carcasses at these three sampling points, prescald, preevisceration, and after chilling, were 91.2%, 19.1%, and 3.7%, respectively. At one of the two plants, the prevalence of Salmonella was significantly higher (P < 0.01) for each of the carcass sampling points. The prevalences of carcasses with enumerable Salmonella at prescald, preevisceration, and after chilling were 37.7%, 4.8%, and 0.6%, respectively. A total of 294 prescald carcasses had Salmonella loads of >1.9 log CFU/100 cm 2 , but these carcasses were not equally distributed between the two plants, as 234 occurred at the plant with higher Salmonella prevalences. Forty-one serotypes were identified on prescald carcasses with Salmonella enterica serotypes Derby, Typhimurium, and Anatum predominating. S. enterica serotypes Typhimurium and London were the most common of the 24 serotypes isolated from preevisceration carcasses. The Salmonella serotypes Johannesburg and Typhimurium were the most frequently isolated serotypes of the 9 serotypes identified from chilled final carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for selected isolates from each carcass sampling point. Multiple drug resistance (MDR), defined as resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents, was identified for 71.2%, 47.8%, and 77.5% of the tested isolates from prescald, preevisceration, and chilled final carcasses, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the interventions used by pork processing plants greatly reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses, but MDR Salmonella was isolated from 3.2% of the final carcasses sampled.

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“…Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been used for many years to subtype Salmonella enterica with satisfactory results (7), but MLVA has the advantages of a shorter turnaround time, additional discriminatory power, and the possibility of providing phylogenetic information to investigators. We report here the development and application of an MLVA protocol for Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, a clinically and epidemiologically important serovar characterized by multidrug resistance (5,6,9,11,14,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Method for Typing Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport

et al. 2009

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In recent years, the proportion of Salmonella enterica infections represented by S. enterica serovar Newport has increased markedly among humans and animals. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) has proven to be useful in discriminating other highly clonal Salmonella serovars. Here, we report on the development of a highly discriminatory MLVA for Salmonella serovar Newport.

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Highly ResistantSalmonellaNewport‐MDRAmpC Transmitted through the Domestic US Food Supply: A FoodNet Case‐Control Study of SporadicSalmonellaNewport Infections, 2002–2003

Abstract: Newport-MDRAmpC infection is acquired through the US food supply, most likely from bovine and, perhaps, poultry sources, particularly among persons already taking antimicrobial agents.

Cited by 112 publications

References 31 publications

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals

Prevalence, Enumeration, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypes of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Carcasses at Two Large United States Pork Processing Plants

Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Method for Typing Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport

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