Highly Reliable Outdoor 400G FSO Transmission Enabled by ANN Channel Estimation

Fernandes, Marco A.; Nascimento, J. Leonardo; Monteiro, Paulo P.; Guiomar, Fernando P.

doi:10.1364/ofc.2022.w3i.4

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This ensures that the FSO relay system maintains a reliable and efficient connection. Moreover, to maintain high data rates, intelligent methods can dynamically adapt the modulation and coding schemes based on real-time channel conditions and link quality to ensure that the FSO relay system achieves the highest possible data rate while maintaining reliable communication under varying atmospheric conditions [71]. Finally, machine learningenabled object identification and tracking is a method already investigated by [50] as a way to enhance PAT and is another example that validates the need for intelligent methodologies in UAV-enabled FSO relay systems.…”

Section: Intelligent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [66], the authors also demonstrated the effectiveness of shallow ANNs over deep learning methods when constrained by a smaller training sample size. The effectiveness of ANNs was further shown by the authors of [71], who used a shallow Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous (NARX) ANN to accurately estimate channel state using experimental data from an outdoor FSO link transmitting coherent signals.…”

Section: Impact Of Atmospheric Turbulence Uav Vibration and The Role ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review of UAV-Assisted FSO Relay Systems

Nzekwu,

Fernandes,

Fernandes

et al. 2024

Photonics

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The evolving requirements of next-generation mobile communications networks can be met by leveraging vertically deployed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms integrated with Free Space Optical communications (FSO). This integration offers a flexible and scalable architecture capable of delivering high-rate communication without requiring licenses while aligning with the multi-gigabit paradigm. In recent times, the increasing availability of commercial aerial platforms has facilitated experimental demonstrations of UAV-enabled FSO systems, which play a crucial role in proposed backhaul networks and point-to-point communications by overcoming Line-of-Sight (LOS) challenges. These systems can be rapidly deployed to meet sudden demand scenarios. This document provides a comprehensive review of relevant field demonstrations of UAV-enabled FSO relay systems, with a particular focus on commercially available, free-flying platforms that are driving advancements in this domain. It categorizes the different platforms by considering the operational altitudes of these systems and their payload actuation capacity, which determines their adaptability to variables. The analysis aims to distill the design considerations that lead to optimal performance regarding communications throughput and other relevant metrics. Moreover, it also attempts to highlight areas where design choices have fallen short, indicating gaps in current research efforts toward the widespread adoption of UAV-enabled FSO relay systems. Finally, this work endeavors to outline effective design considerations, guidelines, and recommendations to bridge these identified gaps. It serves as a valuable reference guide for researchers involved in developing UAV-enabled FSO relay systems, enabling them to make informed decisions and pave the way for the successful implementation of such systems.

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Section: Intelligent Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Atmospheric Turbulence Uav Vibration and The Role ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of UAV-Assisted FSO Relay Systems

Nzekwu,

Fernandes,

Fernandes

et al. 2024

Photonics

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“…For example, a 400 Gb/s FSO was experimentally demonstrated in Ref. [87], while over 800 Gb/s was shown in Ref. [88], and 1 Tb/s was achieved under a single-wavelength FSO system in Ref.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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High data rate coverage, security, and energy efficiency will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation mobile systems. Dense, small mobile cells based on a novel network architecture are part of the answer. Motivated by the recent mounting interest in free-space optical (FSO) technologies, this paper addresses a novel mobile fronthaul network architecture based on FSO, spread spectrum codes, and graphene modulators for the creation of dense small cells. The network uses an energy-efficient graphene modulator to send data bits to be coded with spread codes for achieving higher security before their transmission to remote units via high-speed FSO transmitters. Analytical results show the new fronthaul mobile network can accommodate up to 32 remote antennas under error-free transmissions with forward error correction. Furthermore, the modulator is optimized to provide maximum efficiency in terms of energy consumption per bit. The optimization procedure is carried out by optimizing both the amount of graphene used on the ring resonator and the modulator’s design. The optimized graphene modulator is used in the new fronthaul network and requires as low as 4.6 fJ/bit while enabling high-speed performance up to 42.6 GHz and remarkably using one-quarter of graphene only.

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“…To capture this effect, several statistical models have been proposed and validated in the last decades, namely the log-normal [36] and Gamma-Gamma [37] models, which are adequate for weak and strong turbulence regimes, respectively. Although sometimes overlooked, a prominent feature of these systems lies in the coherence time of the atmospheric channel [38] (typically in the range of 10 µs-10 ms [39]), which opens up the possibility to develop effective FSO channel estimation techniques [40]- [42], thereby enabling to track and partially compensate for the scintillation effect [15], [42]. On what concerns optical beam alignment, it is well-known that FSO systems with direct air-to-fiber coupling are particularly sensitive to the angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the optical signal [26], thereby tightening the precision required for the beam alignment task.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent Free-Space Optical Communications: Opportunities and Challenges

Guiomar

Fernandes

Nascimento

et al. 2022

J. Lightwave Technol.

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The ever-increasing data rate demand for wireless systems is pushing the physical limits of standalone radiofrequency communications, thus fostering the blooming of novel high-capacity optical wireless solutions. This imminent penetration of optical communication technologies into the wireless domain opens up a set of novel opportunities for the development of a new generation of wireless systems providing unprecedented capacity. Unlocking the full potential of free-space optics (FSO) transmission can only be achieved through a seamless convergence between the optical fiber and optical wireless domains. This will allow taking advantage of the staggering progress that has been made on fiber-based communications during the last decades, namely leveraging on the latest generation of Terabit-capable coherent optical transceivers. On the other hand, the development of these high-capacity optical wireless systems still faces a set of critical challenges, namely regarding the impact of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors. In this work, we provide an in-depth experimental analysis of the main potentialities and criticalities associated with the development of ultra-highcapacity FSO communications, ultimately leading to the longterm (48-hours) demonstration of a coherent FSO transmission system delivering more than 800 Gbps over ∼42 m link length, in an outdoor deployment exposed to time-varying turbulence and meteorological conditions.

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Highly Reliable Outdoor 400G FSO Transmission Enabled by ANN Channel Estimation

Abstract: Using an ANN channel estimator, we experimentally demonstrate an outdoor 400G FSO-link with slow-fading prediction and compensation. A transmission reliability of more than 99% is obtained after 3-hour BER measurements.

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

A Comprehensive Review of UAV-Assisted FSO Relay Systems

A Comprehensive Review of UAV-Assisted FSO Relay Systems

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Coherent Free-Space Optical Communications: Opportunities and Challenges

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