Highly rapid-response electrical heaters based on polymer-infiltrated carbon nanotube networks for battery thermal management at subzero temperatures

Wang, Zhixing; Du, Pei-Yao; Li, Wenjing; Meng, Jin-Hao; Zhao, Lihua; Jia, Shenli; Jia, Li‐Chuan

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109796

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The composites were further hot-pressed to prepare the CNT/EVA film. Such a strategy established the basis for the simplicity and general applicability of the fabrication process. − As manifested by SEM images, CNT was relatively homogeneously dispersed in DEVA-3. This was beneficial for the actuation behavior of the CNT/EVA film under NIR irradiation, since CNT was a superb photothermal medium. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permanent Shape Reconfiguration and Locally Reversible Actuation of a Carbon Nanotube/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Composite by Constructing a Dynamic Cross-Linked Network

Sun

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Given the rapid developments in modern devices, there is an urgent need for shape-memory polymer composites (SMPCs) in soft robots and other fields. However, it remains a challenge to endow SMPCs with both a reconfigurable permanent shape and a locally reversible shape transformation. Herein, a dynamic cross-linked network was facilely constructed in carbon nanotube/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (CNT/ EVA) composites by designing the molecular structure of EVA. The CNT/EVA composite with 0.05 wt % CNT realized a steady-state temperature of ∼75 °C under 0.11 W/cm 2 light intensity, which gave rise to remote actuation behavior. The dynamic cross-linked network along with a wide melting temperature offered opportunities for chemical and physical programming, thus realizing the achievement of the programmable three-dimensional (3D) structure and locally reversible actuation. Specifically, the CNT/EVA composite exhibited a superior permanent shape reconfiguration by activating the dynamic cross-linked network at 140 °C. The composite also showed a high reversible deformation rate of 11.1%. These features endowed the composites with the capability of transformation to 3D structure as well as locally reversible actuation performance. This work provides an attractive guideline for the future design of SMPCs with sophisticated structures and actuation capability.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permanent Shape Reconfiguration and Locally Reversible Actuation of a Carbon Nanotube/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Composite by Constructing a Dynamic Cross-Linked Network

Sun

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…The developed heaters can be used in the technology for the electric heating of car interiors [ 41 ]. Comparison of the obtained heaters (NCO 1/NCO 2; NPU 1/NPU 2) with existing analogs [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ] in Table 2 leads to a conclusion about those that are the most adaptable to the supply voltage of 220 V, which makes it possible to implement more economical heating modes in household appliances, such as thermal fans and heaters. The conducted studies have shown the safety of using heaters at a higher voltage of up to 300 V, which does not lead to their ignition but only causes degradation of electrophysical parameters without loss of performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

Shchegolkov

Zemtsova

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The development of reliable and effective functional materials that can be used in various technological fields and environmental conditions is one of the goals of modern nanotechnology. Heating elements’ manufacturing requires understanding the laws of heat transfer under conditions of different supply voltages, as this expands the possibilities of such materials’ application. Elastomers based on silicon-organic compounds and polyurethane modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were studied at various concentrations of Ni/MgO or Co-Mo/MgO and voltages (220, 250, and 300 V). It was found that an increase in voltage from 220 to 300 V leads to an initial increase in specific power on one-third followed by a subsequent decrease in a specific power when switched on again to 220 V (for −40 °C) of up to ~44%. In turn, for a polyurethane matrix, an increase in voltage to 300 V leads to an initial peak power value of ~15% and a decrease in power when switched on again by 220 V (for −40 °C) to ~36% (Ni/MgO -MWCNT). The conducted studies have shown that the use of a polyurethane matrix reduces power degradation (associated with voltage surges above 220 V) by 2.59% for Ni/MgO–based MWCNT and by 10.42% for Co-Mo/MgO. This is due to the better heat resistance of polyurethane and the structural features of the polymer and the MWCNT. The current studies allow us to take the next step in the development of functional materials for electric heating and demonstrate the safety of using heaters at a higher voltage of up to 300 V, which does not lead to their ignition, but only causes changes in electrophysical parameters.

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“…It becomes evident that the temperature profile exhibits three distinct stages: (I) the temperature ramp stage (0−10 min), (II) the equilibrium stage (10−60 min), and (III) the temperature decay stage after the power has been turned off (60−65 min). 54 In the initial heating stage (0−10 min), the dominant mechanism governing heat transfer is thermal conduction. 55 Specifically, the 3,4-SIS-28CB composite stands out due to its high thermal conductivity.…”

Section: Electrothermal Performance Of Prototype Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Macromolecular Design of Poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene) (SIS) Copolymers Defines their Performance in Flexible Electrothermal Composite Heaters

Dedduwakumara,

Barner-Kowollik,

Dubal

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Electric cars are desirable for their environmental and economic benefits yet face limitations in range in cold weather due to the increased energy demands for cabin heating. To provide efficient heating for vehicles, flexible composite electrothermal heaters offer a viable solution owing to their lightweight design, efficiency, and adaptability for use within and beyond vehicle interiors. The current study aims to improve electrothermal heater stability and performance by understanding the impact of the polymer structure on composite properties. We explore how the presence and molecular structure of olefinic bonds within the polyisoprene block of styrenic triblock copolymers affect thermal stability and performance. Composite electrothermal heaters were fabricated by dispersing carbon black (CB) as the heating material in three triblock copolymer matrices, poly(styrene-1,4-isoprene-styrene) (1,4-SIS), poly(styrene-3,4-isoprene-styrene) (3,4-SIS), and its hydrogenated version poly(styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene) (SEPS). The chemical structure and thermal properties of each copolymer were linked to electrothermal performance measurements of composite heaters to establish structure−function relationships. Notably, 3,4-SIS with 28 wt % CB demonstrated the highest thermal and electrical conductivity, resulting in uniform heat distribution. The outcomes unambiguously demonstrate that the olefinic structure of SIS copolymers enhances the electric and thermal conductivity, leading to enhanced electrothermal performance of prototype heaters compared to that of the hydrogenated copolymer.

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Highly rapid-response electrical heaters based on polymer-infiltrated carbon nanotube networks for battery thermal management at subzero temperatures

Cited by 24 publications

References 49 publications

Permanent Shape Reconfiguration and Locally Reversible Actuation of a Carbon Nanotube/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Composite by Constructing a Dynamic Cross-Linked Network

Permanent Shape Reconfiguration and Locally Reversible Actuation of a Carbon Nanotube/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Composite by Constructing a Dynamic Cross-Linked Network

Changes in the Electrophysical Parameters of Nanomodified Elastomers Caused by Electric Current’s Passage

The Macromolecular Design of Poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene) (SIS) Copolymers Defines their Performance in Flexible Electrothermal Composite Heaters

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