Highly polydisperse keratin rich nanofibers: Scaffold design and <i>in vitro</i> characterization

Cruz‐Maya, Iriczalli; Guarino, Vincenzo; Almaguer‐Flores, Argelia; Álvarez-Pérez, Marco Antonio; Varesano, Alessio; Vineis, Claudia

doi:10.1002/jbm.a.36699

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Other natural polymers for modification of PCL nanofibers included whey protein [62], hyaluronic acid [24], keratin [28,63], chitosan [28], fibrinogen [64], or gum arabic, and a corn protein zein [65]. These natural polymers were blended with PCL in the electrospinning solution.…”

Section: Nanofibers From Synthetic Degradable Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Synthetic Polymers

Bačáková¹,

Zikmundová²,

Pajorová³

et al. 2020

Applications of Nanobiotechnology

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Nanofibrous scaffolds are popular materials in all areas of tissue engineering, because they mimic the fibrous component of the natural extracellular matrix. In this chapter, we focused on the application of nanofibers in skin tissue engineering and wound healing, because the skin is an organ with several vitally important functions, particularly barrier, thermoregulatory, and sensory functions. Nanofibrous meshes not only serve as carriers for skin cells but also can prevent the penetration of microbes into wounds and can keep appropriate moisture in the damaged skin. The nanofibrous meshes have been prepared from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers. This review is concentrated on synthetic non-degradable and degradable polymers, which have been explored for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. These synthetic polymers were often combined with natural polymers of the protein or polysaccharide nature, which improved their attractiveness for cell colonization. The nanofibrous scaffolds can also be loaded with various bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, hormones, vitamins, antioxidants, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents. In advanced tissue engineering approaches, the cells on the nanofibrous scaffolds are cultured in dynamic bioreactors enabling appropriate mechanical stimulation of cells and at air-liquid interface. This chapter summarizes recent results achieved in the field of nanofiber-based skin tissue engineering, including results of our research group.

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Section: Nanofibers From Synthetic Degradable Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Synthetic Polymers

Bačáková¹,

Zikmundová²,

Pajorová³

et al. 2020

Applications of Nanobiotechnology

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“…Gelatin (type A from porcine skin, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), zein (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy), keratin (extracted from wool as reported [26], and PCL (M w : 65 kDa, Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) were each dissolved individually in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) (Sigma-Aldrich, Italy) for 24 h at room temperature, until a 10% (w/v) solution was formed. Then, PCL was mixed in a ratio of 50:50 with gelatin (PCL/gelatin), zein (PCL/zein), and keratin (PCL/keratin) to obtain the blended solutions.…”

Section: Preparation Of Protein-rich Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative route is currently represented by the blending of proteins with synthetic polymers such as poly ε-(caprolactone) (PCL), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and their copolymers. Recent literature has demonstrated that this strategy is satisfying to impart biochemical signals to inert/mechanically stable fibers [22,23] with interesting biological outcomes [23][24][25][26]. Indeed, folded chains of proteins strictly embedded with long chains of synthetic polymers allow the formation of building blocks for the fabrication of instructive platforms able to preserve the biochemical properties of proteins (i.e., cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion), partially overcoming their intrinsic limitations in terms of functionality loss, due to the fast solubilization in vitro [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study on Protein-Rich Electrospun Fibers for In Vitro Applications

et al. 2020

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Electrospinning is the leading technology to fabricate fibrous scaffolds that mimic the architecture of the extracellular matrix of natural tissues. In order to improve the biological response, a consolidated trend involves the blending of synthetic polymers with natural proteins to form protein-rich fibers that include selected biochemical cues able to more actively support in vitro cell interaction. In this study, we compared protein-rich fibers fabricated via electrospinning by the blending of poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) with three different proteins, i.e., gelatin, zein, and keratin, respectively. We demonstrated that the peculiar features of the proteins used significantly influence the morphological properties, in terms of fiber size and distribution. Moreover, keratin drastically enhances the fiber hydrophilicity (water contact angle equal to 44.3° ± 3.9°) with positive effects on cell interaction, as confirmed by the higher proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) until 7 days. By contrast, gelatin and zein not equally contribute to the fiber wettability (water contact angles equal to 95.2° ± 1.2° and 76.3° ± 4.0°, respectively) due to morphological constraints, i.e., broader fiber diameter distribution ascribable to the non-homogeneous presence of the protein along the fibers, or chemical constrains, i.e., large amount of non-polar amino acids. According to in vitro experimental studies, which included SEM and confocal microscopy analyses and vitality assay, we concluded that keratin is the most promising protein to be combined with PCL for the fabrication of biologically instructive fibers for in vitro applications.

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“…In most studies dealing with keratin-containing nanofibers, keratin was combined with other natural or synthetic polymers in order to improve the spinnability of keratin, or to improve the bioactivity of the co-electrospun polymer. For example, in a study by Cruz-Maya et al [127], blending keratin with PCL improved the stability of the electrospinning process, promoted the formation of nanofibers without defects, such as beads and ribbons, typically observed in the fabrication of keratin nanofibers. At the same time, keratin markedly increases the fiber hydrophilicity compared with pure PCL, which improved the adhesion and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells [127].…”

Section: Nature-derived Nanofibers Degradable In the Human Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in a study by Cruz-Maya et al [127], blending keratin with PCL improved the stability of the electrospinning process, promoted the formation of nanofibers without defects, such as beads and ribbons, typically observed in the fabrication of keratin nanofibers. At the same time, keratin markedly increases the fiber hydrophilicity compared with pure PCL, which improved the adhesion and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells [127]. Similarly, co-electrospinning of keratose (i.e., oxidative keratin) with PVA resulted in nanofibers with uniform fibrous structure, suitable hydrophilicity and mechanical properties [125].…”

Section: Nature-derived Nanofibers Degradable In the Human Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Nature-Derived Polymers

Bačáková¹,

Pajorová²,

Zikmundová³

et al. 2020

Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine

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Nanofibrous scaffolds belong to the most suitable materials for tissue engineering, because they mimic the fibrous component of the natural extracellular matrix. This chapter is focused on the application of nanofibers in skin tissue engineering and wound healing, because the skin is the largest and vitally important organ in the human body. Nanofibrous meshes can serve as substrates for adhesion, growth and differentiation of skin and stem cells, and also as an antimicrobial and moistureretaining barrier. These meshes have been prepared from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers. This chapter is focused on the use of nature-derived polymers. These polymers have good or limited degradability in the human tissues, which depends on their origin and on the presence of appropriate enzymes in the human tissues. Non-degradable and less-degradable polymers are usually produced in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants or insects, and include, for example, cellulose, dextran, pullulan, alginate, pectin and silk fibroin. Well-degradable polymers are usually components of the extracellular matrix in the human body or at least in other verte brates, and include collagen, elastin, keratin and hyaluronic acid, although some polymers produced by non-vertebrate organisms, such as chitosan or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), are also degradable in the human body.Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine 2 microbial infection, and at the same time, they can keep appropriate moisture and gas exchange at the wound site.Nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering have been fabricated from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers, which can be either biostable or degradable within the human body. Biostable synthetic polymers used in nanofiber-based skin regenerative therapies include, for example, polyurethane [2], polydimethylsiloxane [3], polyethylene terephthalate [4], polyethersulfone [5], and also hydrogels such as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA, [6]), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, [7]), and poly[di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PDEGMA, [8]). Degradable synthetic polymers typically include poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL, [9]) and its copolymers with polylactides (PLCL, [10]), polylactides (PLA, [11]) and their copolymers with polyglycolides (PLGA, [12]), and also so-called auxiliary polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, [13]) or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, [14]), which facilitated the electrospinning process and improved the mechanical properties and wettability of the chief polymer. However, the synthetic polymers, although they are well-chemically defined and tailorable, are often bioinert, hydrophobic and thus not promoting cell adhesion, and also not well-adhering to the wound site. Therefore, they need to be combined with other bioactive substances, particularly nature-derived polymers.This chapter is focused on nature-derived polymers used for fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. The advantages of...

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Highly polydisperse keratin rich nanofibers: Scaffold design and in vitro characterization

Cited by 45 publications

References 56 publications

Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Synthetic Polymers

Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Synthetic Polymers

Comparative Study on Protein-Rich Electrospun Fibers for In Vitro Applications

Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Nature-Derived Polymers

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