“…Biomedical luminescence imaging has broad applications in life science due to its ability to achieve real-time investigation of physiological and pathological processes with fast feedback, high sensitivity, high spatiotemporal resolution [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In order to act as luminescence contrast agents, a lot of luminescence probes, including organic dyes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], quantum dots (QDs) [21][22][23][24][25], rare-earth doped nanoparticles (RENPs) [26][27][28][29][30][31], single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [32,33], metal-ligand complexes [34,35] and semiconducting polymer nanomaterials (SPN) [36,37] have been explored. Over the past few years, significant efforts have been made to create luminescence contrast agents that operate in the near-infrared window (700-1700 nm), which offers the enhanced tissue penetration over 5 mm [38][39][40][41][42].…”