Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H7N7): Vaccination of zoo birds and transmission to non-poultry species

Effect of biosecurity measures and early detection systems, mitigation measures and surveillance strategies on the spread of HPAI and LPAI between farms

“…The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. (Normile, 2005b) Not relevant outcomes (Nuño et al, 2007) Study population (Olivier, 2005) Territory (Oluwayelu et al, 2015) Territory (Onihshenko, 2008) Language ( (Peterson et al, 2007) Territory (Petrauskene et al, 2010) Not relevant outcomes (Peyre et al, 2007) Territory (Peyre et al, 2009) Not relevant outcomes (Phan et al, 2013) Not relevant outcomes (Philippa et al, 2005) Not relevant outcomes (Philippa et al, 2007) Not relevant outcomes (Pillai et al, 2008) Not relevant outcomes (Poetri et al, 2009) Not relevant outcomes (Poon et al, 2009) Not relevant outcomes (Probst et al, 2012) Not relevant outcomes (Prosser et al, 2011) Territory (Puzelli et al, 2005) Study population (Qiao et al, 2006) Not relevant outcomes (Rabinowitz et al, 2012) The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. This task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors, awarded following a tender procedure.…”

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the vaccination against avian influenza of H5 and H7 subtypes as a preventive measure carried out in Member States in birds kept in zoos unde

“…Extensive surveillance programmes performed during HPAI outbreaks in the USA, Italy (Capua et al, 2000) and the Netherlands (Philippa et al, 2005), failed to prove a role of wild birds in the virus spread, and suggested that HPAI viruses could not maintain themselves in wild birds. However, in 2002 an outbreak of HPAI H5N1 virus occurred in wild migratory avian species and resident waterfowl in 2 bird Parks in Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China, and the high pathogenicity in ducks was confirmed in laboratory infections (Sturm-Ramirez, 2004).…”

“…Due to the inability to conduct infection experiments in endangered and valuable zoo species, an extrapolation of published protective titres has to be used to predict vaccine efficacy. Current formulations of commercial poultry vaccines (with inactivated virus strains and adjuvants used) were safe and have produced immune responses in avian species in zoos after H7 (Philippa et al, 2005) and H5 vaccination (Oh et al, 2005, Philippa et al, 2007. Protective antibody titres in the vaccinated avian species in zoos are currently unknown, but vaccine-induced HI titres of respectively 40 or 16 were used as a surrogate measure of efficacy in these studies.…”

“…The vaccination campaign against H7N7 in The Netherlands (Philippa et al, 2005) and Germany in 2003 was conducted using an inactivated, water in oil adjuvanted vaccine.…”

Patho-Morphological And Clinical Examinations In Experimental Infection Of Guinea Fowl (Numida Meleagris) With Lpaiv H6n2

“…In Kenya, guinea fowl isolates are available in H5N1 outbreaks (4). In Italy, an emerging infection with HPAIV H7N7 has affected 7 bird species -chickens, turkeys, emus, goose, ducks, pelicans and guinea fowl (5). The most recent data justify the performance of a monitoring survey for the presence of AIV in birds reared in domestic conditions, including guinea fowl (6), and from some of them, a H9N2 strain was isolated.…”