Highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1) virus outbreaks in Lesotho, May 2021

Makalo, Mabusetsa J.R.; Dundon, William G.; Settypalli, Tirumala Bharani Kumar; Datta, Sneha; Lamien, Charles Euloge; Cattoli, Giovanni; Phalatsi, Moeketsi; Lepheana, Relebohile Juliet; Matlali, Mpaliseng; Mahloane, Relebohile G; Molomo, Marosi; Mphaka, Palesa C

doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2043729

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Since their first identification in late 2020 in Northern Europe, A(H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread globally, reaching even countries where the HPAI (H5) viruses of the Gs/GD lineage had never been found, and undergoing multiple reassortment events. In January 2021, an A(H5N1) related to the 2020-2021 European viruses was reported in West Africa (Lo et al, 2022) and subsequently in South and North African countries (Makalo et al, 2022;El-Shesheny et al, 2023). Since then, this virus has been persistently circulating in this geographic areas, and in West Africa it reassorted with the A(H9N2) subtype of the zoonotic G1 lineage (Ouoba et al, 2022).…”

Section: Global Overview Of Hpai Viruses Of the A(h5) Subtype Of Clad...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview December 2022 – March 2023

Adlhoch¹,

Fusaro²,

Gonzáles³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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Between 3 December 2022 and 1 March 2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b, was reported in Europe in domestic (522) and wild (1,138) birds over 24 countries. An unexpected number of HPAI virus detections in sea birds were observed, mainly in gull species and particularly in black-headed gulls (large mortality events were observed in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Italy). The close genetic relationship among viruses collected from black-headed gulls suggests a southward spread of the virus. Moreover, the genetic analyses indicate that the virus persisted in Europe in residential wild birds during and after the summer months. Although the virus retained a preferential binding for avian-like receptors, several mutations associated to increased zoonotic potential were detected. The risk of HPAI virus infection for poultry due to the virus circulating in black-headed gulls and other gull species might increase during the coming months, as breeding bird colonies move inland with possible overlap with poultry production areas. Worldwide, HPAI A(H5N1) virus continued to spread southward in the Americas, from Mexico to southern Chile. The Peruvian pelican was the most frequently reported infected species with thousands of deaths being reported. The reporting of HPAI A(H5N1) in mammals also continued probably linked to feeding on infected wild birds. In Peru, a mass mortality event of sea lions was observed in January and February 2023. Since October 2022, six A(H5N1) detections in humans were reported from Cambodia (a family cluster with 2 people, clade 2.3.2.1c), China (2, clade 2.3.4.4b), Ecuador (1, clade 2.3.4.4b), and Vietnam (1, unspecified clade), as well as two A(H5N6) human infections from China. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian H5 influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe is assessed as low for the general population in the EU/EEA, and low to moderate for occupationally or otherwise exposed people.

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Section: Global Overview Of Hpai Viruses Of the A(h5) Subtype Of Clad...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview December 2022 – March 2023

Adlhoch¹,

Fusaro²,

Gonzáles³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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“…Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa) in both wild and domestic birds made to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The full genomes of the H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b viruses identified in Botswana and Lesotho have been published [ 4 , 5 ]. This current report describes the characterization and full genome sequences of an H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b from a Cape cormorant in Namibia.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The purified RNA of one sample (A/Cormorant/Namibia/141/2022) was amplified according to the protocol of Zhou et al [ 7 ] and the full genome was sequenced according to Makalo et al [ 4 ]. The sequences have been submitted to GenBank under accession numbers OP776799 to OP776806.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phylogenetic analysis using the HA gene of A/Cormorant/Namibia/141/2022 and other H5NX viruses retrieved from GenBank and GISAID demonstrated that the virus belonged to Clade 2.3.4.4b and that it was highly similar to H5N1 viruses identified in chickens in Lesotho in May 2021 and poultry and wild birds in Botswana in June 2021 [ 4 , 5 ] ( Figure 1 ). Interestingly, the HA nucleotide sequence of A/Cormorant/Namibia/141/2022 was more similar at the nucleotide level to viruses identified in poultry in both Botswana (99.23%) and Lesotho (98.87%) compared to viruses in wilds birds (i.e.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus outbreak among Cape cormorants ( Phalacrocorax capensis ) in Namibia, 2022

Molini

Yabe

Meki

et al. 2023

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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In January 2022, significant mortality was observed among Cape cormorants ( Phalacrocorax capensis ) on the west coast of Namibia. Samples collected were shown to be positive for H5N1 avian influenza by multiplex RT-qPCR. Full genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis identified the viruses as belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b and that it clustered with similar viruses identified in Lesotho and Botswana in 2021. This is the first genomic characterization of H5N1 viruses in Namibia and has important implications for poultry disease management and wildlife conservation in the region.

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“…The HA and M genes of these viruses are derived from “Iraq-like” isolates, and the remaining genes originate from the low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) Eurasian avian lineage ( 4 ). After emerging in the Netherlands in 2020, H5N1 viruses from the 2.3.4.4b clade continue to circulate and spread worldwide ( 5 – 7 ). Beside outbreaks among bird species, human infection by HPAI H5N6 viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene were reported in 2020 and 2021 in China ( 8 , 9 ), raising serious concerns about the risk of HPAIVs to human health.…”

Section: Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%