“…8(A) and (B), the positions of the Fermi levels of TiO 2 and Ti 3 C 2 F x - U can be easily estimated to be −3.97 and −1.47 eV, respectively, which contributes to the spontaneous migration of free electrons from Ti 3 C 2 F x - U to TiO 2 particles in the Ti 3 C 2 F x - U /TiO 2 photocatalyst. 55,56 Owing to the spontaneous transfer of free electrons from Ti 3 C 2 F x - U to TiO 2 under dark conditions, a built-in electric field was derived at their contacted interface pointing from Ti 3 C 2 F x - U to TiO 2 (Fig. 8(C) and (D)), which can further promote the photoinduced-electron migration from TiO 2 to Ti 3 C 2 F x - U during photocatalytic H 2 evolution.…”