Highly Exfoliated Natural Rubber/Clay Composites by “Propping‐Open Procedure”: The Influence of Fatty‐Acid Chain Length on Exfoliation

Rooj, Sandip; Das, Amit; Stöckelhuber, Klaus Werner; Reuter, Uta; Heinrich, Gert

doi:10.1002/mame.201100185

Cited by 40 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…As can be observed from XRD some of the clay layers were well separated from each other to form intercalated structure but still there should be some agglomerations of the organo‐modified clay. It was reported earlier that modification of clay is necessary but not a sufficient step, particularly when the host matrix is nonpolar NR [20]. The elongation at break followed the same pattern than the tensile strength, and the decrease is again due to the insufficient overall distribution of the organoclay.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Influence of nanoclay‐carbon black hybrid fillers on cure and properties of natural rubber compounds

Sapkota

Poikelispää

Das

et al. 2012

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The influence of organically modified nanoclay-carbon black (CB) hybrid filler on the curing behavior of natural rubber (NR) was explored in this investigation. Here an effort was paid to understand the curing kinetics of organomodified nanoclay filled rubber compounds. On the basis of two different types of modified clay, NR nanocomposites were prepared and cured by a conventional vulcanization system. A faster curing rate and lower torque values were found when the modification was done by quaternary ammonium compounds. The activation energy of the rubber curing process decreased with the incorporation of nanoclay. In addition, it was revealed that the quaternary ammonium compounds used as modifier in the clay show a plasticization effect. Additionally, X-ray diffraction studies indicated, that the basal spacing of the clay minerals was increased in both cases after incorporation in the rubber matrix. The dynamic mechanical analysis using a strain sweep mode showed that the Payne effect decreases because of an improved dispersion of CB induced by the presence of nanoclay. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 53:615-622, 2013. ª

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Influence of nanoclay‐carbon black hybrid fillers on cure and properties of natural rubber compounds

Sapkota

Poikelispää

Das

et al. 2012

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…This peak appeared in the spectrum of ol-30B. It can also be observed that the peak related to the C=O of the oleic acid has shifted to the higher wavenumbers (1738 cm −1 ), indicating the strong interaction between the C=O group and quaternary ammonium surfactant present in the interlayer of Cloisite 30B [28]. This shift could be an indicative of changing the carboxylic acid group to an ester group.…”

Section: Atr-ftir Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

A Novel Approach to Improve the Barrier Properties of PET/Clay Nanocomposites

Majdzadeh‐Ardakani

Zekriardehani

Coleman

et al. 2017

International Journal of Polymer Science

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An investigation of oleic acid-modified clay versus plain clay with regard to the physical and barrier properties of PET/clay nanocomposites was performed. Montmorillonite (MMT) and Cloisite 30B nanoclays were modified by long-chain oleic acid and identified as ol-MMT and ol-30B, respectively. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the fatty acid was associated with the clay surface and that the gallery spacing of the layered silicates was expanded. In the case of ol-MMT, a disordered structure of layered silicates was achieved. TGA results indicated that ol-MMT showed thermal stability and could survive PET processing temperature. The degradation of ol-30B, however, increased after modification because of the presence of oleic acid. PET/clay nanocomposites were prepared with modified ol-MMT and modified ol-30B by using a twin screw extruder. XRD indicated that there was a significant improvement on the dispersion of nanoclays modified with long-chain oleic acid into the PET matrix, and an exfoliated structure was achieved. DSC data also revealed that crystallization behaviors of nanocomposites prepared with oleic acid-modified clays are similar to that of extruded PET. Significant improvements in the mechanical and barrier properties of stretched PET/clay nanocomposites were also achieved.

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“…With increasing temperature, the peak height increases, reaching a maximum of 0.45 at 180 ∘ C. This influence of temperature on the vulcanization process is due to the lower viscosity (due to NR chain scission) at higher temperature which allows the formation of crosslinks between adjacent polymer chains. 21 Temperature dependence of curing can be further explained by Arrhenius equations, which relate the rate constant (K) with temperature and are expressed as follows:…”

Section: Cure Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Curing enhancement and network effects in multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐filled vulcanized natural rubber: evidence for solvent sensing

Ponnamma

Varughese

Al-Maadeed

et al. 2017

Polymer International

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Electrically and thermally conductive polymer composites offer great possibilities in various electronic fields because of their low weight and ease of processing. This paper addresses the curing behaviour and network properties of conducting multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)‐reinforced natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites, emphasizing the sensing and diffusion performances. NR/MWCNT composites were prepared following a special master batch technique which allows the appropriate distribution of nanotubes within the elastomer. The sensing responses of the composites towards solvents were observed as variations in electrical resistance. Thermal resistance and glass transition behaviour were examined and correlated with the swelling measurements as evidence for solvent sensing. An optimum level of 3 phr of MWCNTs is understood to lead to the best properties for the NR/MWCNT composites. Finally, the structural morphology and interfacial interactions were found to have correlations with cure reactions, glass transition temperatures and sensing responses of all compositions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

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Highly Exfoliated Natural Rubber/Clay Composites by “Propping‐Open Procedure”: The Influence of Fatty‐Acid Chain Length on Exfoliation

Cited by 40 publications

References 59 publications

Influence of nanoclay‐carbon black hybrid fillers on cure and properties of natural rubber compounds

Influence of nanoclay‐carbon black hybrid fillers on cure and properties of natural rubber compounds

A Novel Approach to Improve the Barrier Properties of PET/Clay Nanocomposites

Curing enhancement and network effects in multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐filled vulcanized natural rubber: evidence for solvent sensing

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