Highly Electrochemiluminescent Cs₄PbBr₆@CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Nanoacanthospheres and Their Application for Sensing Bisphenol A

Abstract

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) as recently emerging electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores have been paid much attention due to their good ECL activity, narrow ECL spectra, and easy preparation. However, the PQDs used for ECL sensing were mainly inherited from those PQDs prepared as strong fluorescence (FL) luminophores, which would limit the finding of highly ECL PQDs for sensing due to the very different mechanisms in generating excited-state luminophores between ECL and FL. In order to obtain highly electrochemiluminescent PQDs, for the first time we proposed to synthesize PQDs for ECL sensing rather than for FL-based analysis by optimizing the synthesis conditions. It was revealed that the volume of the precursor solution, the concentrations of CsBr and PbBr2, the amount of capping reagents, and the synthesis reaction temperature all significantly affect the ECL activity of PQDs. On the basis of the optimization of the synthesis conditions, we obtained a new type of PQDs with high ECL activity. The new PQDs were characterized by several technologies, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum, to be the hybrids of 3D PQDs (CsPbBr3) and 0D PQDs (Cs4PbBr6) with unique morphologies, i.e., Cs4PbBr6@CsPbBr3 PQD nanoacanthospheres (PNAs), in which Cs4PbBr6 was as the core and CsPbBr3 served as the shell. The obtained Cs4PbBr6@CsPbBr3 PNAs had much higher (>4 times) ECL activity than the prevailing 3D (CsPbBr3) PQDs. Finally, the novel Cs4PbBr6@CsPbBr3 PNAs have been applied for the ECL sensing of bisphenol A (BPA), showing a promising application of the highly electrochemiluminescent PQDs in analytical chemistry.

All-inorganic lead halide perovskites for photocatalysis: a review

“…265–269 Among these materials for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, all-inorganic lead halide perovskite photocatalysts can efficiently utilize solar energy and have many advantages in terms of efficiency, greenness, and cost. 60 In particular, the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, 270–272 phenols, 273–275 and antibiotics 276–278 in water has generated a lot of interest in all-inorganic lead halide perovskites.…”

Perovskite Nanocrystals: Superior Luminogens for Food Quality Detection Analysis

“…Benefiting from the inhibition of the ECL signal by bisphenol A, the prepared ECL biosensor demonstrated high sensitivity, good selectivity, and excellent feasibility in the detection of food packages (Figure 7B). 83 Perovskite nanocrystals have integrated with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technologies for the exploration of high-performance ECL with high selectivity. For example, Zhang et al integrated CsPbBr 3 QDs with MIP for the development of ECL by specific recognition of prometryn through the MIP layer on the surface of CsPbBr 3 QDs and the ECL quenching by prometryn, which pose a great potential for the application of rapid food detection.…”

Cyanuric Acid-Functionalized Perovskite Nanocrystals toward Low Interface Impedance, High Environmental Stability, and Superior Electrochemiluminescence

“…Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the electroluminescence process occurring on the surface of the working electrode, where the ECL materials are excited by energetic electrons. , Since the first research on the ECL available silicon nanomaterials reported, semiconductor nanomaterials have attracted much attention as the emission host in ECL . As a hot semiconductor material, PNs with unique emission properties show huge application potential in the ECL field. , Especially, PNs have shown the intense emission with a narrow FWHM of ∼20 nm in previous reports while the classical Ru­(bpy) 3 2+ ECL luminophore exhibited a very wide FWHM of ∼100 nm. − Considering the follow-up applications of sensing and detection, PNs have the opportunity to become the perfect ECL materials. − In addition to the above challenges on the surface ligands, PNs also need antioxidative ability to participate in strong oxidation–reduction reaction processes to achieve ECL . Therefore, ECL applications of PNs inspired us to further develop PNs from a surface ligand point of view.…”