Highly efficient synthesis of isoxazolones and pyrazolones using g-C3N4·OH nanocomposite with their in silico molecular docking, pharmacokinetics and simulation studies

Abstract

An environmentally friendly, versatile multicomponent reaction for synthesizing isoxazol-5-one and pyrazol-3-one derivatives has been developed, utilizing a freshly prepared g-C 3 N 4 · OH nanocomposite as a highly efficient catalyst at room temperature in aqueous environment. This innovative approach yielded all the desired products with exceptionally high yields and concise reaction durations. The catalyst was well characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDAX, and TGA/DTA studies. Notably, the catalyst demonstrated outstanding recyclability, maintaining its catalytic efficacy over six consecutive cycles without any loss. The sustainability of this methodology was assessed through various eco-friendly parameters, including E-factor and eco-score, confirming its viability as a green synthetic route in organic chemistry. Additionally, the gram-scale synthesis verifies its potential for industrial applications. The ten synthesized compounds were also analyzed via a PASS online tool to check their several pharmacological activities. The study is complemented by in silico molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. These studies discover 5D as a potential candidate for drug development, supported by its favorable drug-like properties, ADMET studies, docking interaction, and stable behavior in the protein binding cavity.