Highly Efficient Remediation of Chloridazon and Its Metabolites: The Case of Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets

Abstract

The contamination of aqueous environments by aromatic pollutants has become a global issue. Chloridazon, a herbicide considered as harmless to the ecosystem, has been widely used in recent decades and has accumulated, together with its degradation products desphenyl-chloridazon and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon, to a non-negligible level in surface water and groundwater. To respond to the consequent necessity for remediation, in this work, we study the adsorption of chloridazon and its metabolites by graphene oxide and elucidate the underlying mechanism by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We find a high adsorption capacity of 67 g kg–1 for chloridazon and establish that bonding of chloridazon to graphene oxide is mainly due to hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. These findings demonstrate the potential of graphene-based materials for the remediation of chloridazon and its metabolites from aqueous environments.

Toxicity and remediation of pharmaceuticals and pesticides using metal oxides and carbon nanomaterials

“…Recently, the employment of GO as an adsorbent was investigated for the removal of toxic pesticides such as atrazine (de Souza Antônio et al, 2021), ametryn (Khoshnam et al, 2019), chlorpyrifos, and malathion (Yadav et al, 2019) from water and wastewater media. The GO nanoplatelets were applied for the adsorption of chloridazon and its degradation metabolites (desphenyl-chloridazon: DC and methyl-desphenylchloridazon: MDC) from aqueous solutions (Yan et al, 2020). The good adsorption capacity of GO for chloridazon (67.18 mg g À1 ), DC (34.30 mg g À1 ), and MDC (36.85 mg g À1 ) was established for efficient remediation via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic-and p-p interactions.…”

High utilization efficiencies of alkylbenzokynones hybridized inside the pores of activated carbon for electrochemical capacitor electrodes

“…The interactions with the surfaces of graphene [42][43][44][45][46][47] and graphene oxide [48][49][50][51][52] have been reported based on the p-p stacking, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions. 53,54 In the case of graphene oxide that has a variety of oxygen-containing functional groups, the electrostatic interaction is derived from the attracting force between positively and negatively charged functional groups, [49][50][51][52] while the hydrogen bonding is induced between polar functional groups and/or polar molecular moieties. 50,53 However, these electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions can be ignored on the pore surface of AC due to the small oxygen content of AC unlike graphene oxide.…”

“…53,54 In the case of graphene oxide that has a variety of oxygen-containing functional groups, the electrostatic interaction is derived from the attracting force between positively and negatively charged functional groups, [49][50][51][52] while the hydrogen bonding is induced between polar functional groups and/or polar molecular moieties. 50,53 However, these electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions can be ignored on the pore surface of AC due to the small oxygen content of AC unlike graphene oxide. Similar to the interaction between the pore surface and molecules, the p-p stacking, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions must also affect the intermolecular interaction, but the electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions can be ignored for the ABQs, BQ, and HBQs, considering the absence of polar or charged moieties in the BQD molecules.…”

Development of an ic-ELISA and immunochromatographic assay strip for the rapid detection of chloridazon in oranges and celery

“…2,5 However, it penetrates into the soil and is converted into two metabolites, desphenyl-chloridazon and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon, 6–9 which may migrate through the soil due to their solubility and polarity, resulting in surface water and groundwater contamination. 10–12 In groundwater, CLZ concentrations have reached 3.5 μg L −1 in some parts of Europe, while desphenyl-chloridazon and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon have been reported to be present at 24.0 μg L −1 and 6.1 μg L −1 , respectively, which greatly exceed the limit set by the European Union (0.1 μg L −1 ). 6 Residues of CLZ and its metabolites in the environment have accumulated to levels that cannot be ignored, which undoubtedly increase the risks of them entering the human body through the food chain.…”