This study investigated the production of hydrogen over Ga (1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mol%)-TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by a solvothermal method. The absorption band was slightly blue-shifted upon the incorporation of the gallium ions, but the intensity of the photoluminescence (PL) curves of Ga-incorporated TiO2s was distinguishably smaller, with the smallest case being the 2.0 mol% Ga-TiO2, which was related to the recombination between the excited electrons and holes. H2 evolution from photo splitting of water over Ga-incorporated TiO2 in the liquid system was enhanced, compared to that over pure TiO2; particularly, the production of 5.6 mL of H2 gas after 8 h when 1.5 g of the 2.0 mol% Ga-incorporated TiO2 was used.Key Words: Ga-incorporated TiO 2 , Photocatalysis, Water splitting, H 2 production
IntroductionIn future, use of energy from hydrogen should increase as it is environmentally friendly. The technology for generating hydrogen by the splitting of water using a photocatalyst has attracted much attention. The principle of photocatalytic water decomposition is based on the conversion of light energy into electricity upon exposure of a semiconductor to light. Light results in the intrinsic ionization of n-type semiconducting materials over the band gap, leading to the formation of electrons and electron holes in the conduction and valence bands, respectively.1 The light-induced electron holes split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen ions. Simultaneously, the electrons which reduce the hydrogen ions generated to hydrogen gas. To trigger this reaction, the energy of the absorbed photon must be at least 1.23 eV (Ei = ∆Gº (H 2 O)/2N A : ∆Gº (H 2 O) = 237.141 kJ mol -1 ; N A = Avogadro's number = 6.022 × 10 23 mol -1 ). 1 The optimized band gap for high hydrogen production is below 2.0 eV. The photocatalytic formation of hydrogen and oxygen on semiconductors, such as MTiO 3 2 and MTaO 2 N, 3-7 (where M = alkaline or transition metals) has been widely investigated due to the low band gap and high corrosion resistance of these semiconductor materials. However, the photocatalytic decomposition of water (H2O) on a TiO2 photocatalyst is ineffective as the amount of hydrogen produced is limited by the rapid recombination of holes and electrons, resulting in the formation of water.To overcome this rapid recombination in water splitting, more investigations into the production of hydrogen via methanol or ethanol photodecompositions to upgrade hydrogen production, not water, have focused on modified (Ag or Cu)-doped TiO 2, 8-11 which can be used to activate the photocatalysts, using UV light with longer wavelengths and noble metal (Pd, Pt, Rh)-doped TiO2, 12-14 which have relatively high activity and chemical stability under UV irradiation. The new materials, Ag-TiO 2 and Cu-TiO 2 , where Ag x O and Cu x O were substituted into a TiO2 framework, were investigated as conducting components to reduce the large band gap of pure TiO 2 . As a result, the Ag and Cu components were found to be very useful for the production of...