Highly efficient flame-retardant kraft paper

Xu, Fang; Zhong, Ling; Xu, Yuan; Feng, Shaoyang; Zhang, Cheng; Zhang, Fengxiu; Zhang, Guangxian

doi:10.1007/s10853-018-2911-2

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…So far, to develop efficient, non-toxic, and eco-friendly flame retardants, phosphorus-containing compounds are often used as alternatives for halogen-containing compounds and have synergistic effects with nitrogen-containing compounds (Bai et al 2014;Jia et al 2017). These works demonstrated that ammonium salts could be grafted on the surface of cellulose fibers via the firm P-O-C covalent bonds through the classical dip-dry-cure technique and the flame retardancy of cellulose fibers was obviously improved (Xu et al 2018;Liu et al 2019;Ren et al 2020). The lyocell fabric treated with phosphoruscontaining and nitrogen-containing flame retardant possessed good durability, low fuel volatility, low pyrolysis temperature, and excellent char formation ability during combustion (Naik et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of an effective halogen-free flame retardant rich in phosphorus and nitrogen for lyocell fabric

et al. 2021

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A novel effective halogen-free flame retardant (FR) rich in phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) was synthesized via Mannich and esterification reaction of ethanolamine, glyoxal, phosphoric acid and urea, and used for the preparation of durable flame retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). Its chemical structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and elemental analysis were conducted to test the phosphorous, carbon and nitrogen contents. The results confirmed that the FR was successfully synthesized and grafted on the lyocell fabric via firm P-O-C covalent bonds. The limiting oxygen index of the FR-lyocell treated with 30 wt% flame retardant finishing solution is 44.6%, demonstrating high efficiency flame retardancy. The thermo-gravimetric analysis indicated that FR-lyocell degraded preferentially than that of the control sample and the char residue was 38.8 wt% at 800°C in N 2 atmosphere. In addition, the cone calorimeter test revealed that FRlyocell could not be ignited and the peak of heat release rate was much lower than that of original specimen. Furthermore, the char residue of FR-lyocell is compact and the I D /I G value is 0.771, exhibiting a super degree of carbonization. Moreover, TG-IR result revealed that FR played dual flame-retardant effect in the gaseous and condensed phases. The flame retardant finishing has a negligible impact on the mechanical properties of the fibers. In summary, FR-lyocell exhibits excellent flame retardancy and superior char forming capability, which is suitable for the preparation of flame retardant lyocell fibers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of an effective halogen-free flame retardant rich in phosphorus and nitrogen for lyocell fabric

et al. 2021

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“…In modern society, wallpapers are becoming increasingly popular as decoration materials because of their variety of patterns that meet individual needs. However, most wallpaper consists of cellulose and lignin [ 1 ], which have great security risks, and their flame can easily spread along the paper, resulting in the loss of human life and property in the case of fire [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. At present, flame-retardant paper is prepared by the impregnation, coating, or addition of flame retardants to the pulp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of Smoldering of Calcium Alginate Flame-Retardant Paper by Flame-Retardant Polyamide-66

Tian

Cao

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) fibers are renewable fibers obtained from the ocean with essential flame retardancy, which have recently been applied as components of flame-retardant paper. However, the application of Ca-Alg fibers is limited because of their tendency to smolder. Therefore, composites papers were fabricated by blending using flame-retardant polyamide-66 (FR-PA), with a 5 wt% content of phosphorous flame retardant, which will form molten carbon during combustion. When the FR-PA content is 30% of the composite paper, FR-PA forms a compact carbon layer on the surface of the Ca-Alg fibers during combustion, which isolates the mass/heat transfer and effectively suppresses the smoldering of Ca-Alg. This consists of a condensed flame retardant mechanism. Furthermore, the combustion and thermal degradation behavior of paper were analyzed by cone calorimetry (CONE), TG and TG-IR. Ca-Alg in the composite paper decomposed and released CO2 before ignition, which delayed the ignition time. Simultaneously, the FR-PA contained in the composite paper effectively inhibited the combustion of volatile combustibles in the gas phase. Overall, FR-PA and Ca-Alg improve the thermal stability of the composite paper in different temperature regions under air atmosphere. Ca-Alg reduces the formation of aromatic products and NH3 in the composite paper under N2 atmosphere. Ca-Alg-based paper with excellent flame retardancy was successfully prepared.

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“…Cellulosic paper is a kind of renewable resources composed of cellulose or lignin. 1,2 The effective use of renewable resources can reduce the dependence on fossil resources and alleviate Greenhouse Effect. However, cellulosic paper is flammable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoldering suppression and synergistic effect of alginate fiber‐based composite paper by flame‐retardant lyocell fiber

Tian

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The application of traditional cellulosic paper is limited because of its flammability, so it is necessary to explore new materials that can be used in the field of flame-retardant paper. Based on the synergistic effect between fibers, flameretardant lyocell (FRL) and calcium alginate (FRL/Ca-Alg) composite paper is prepared by a simple but efficient method. The thermal degradation process of the composite paper is analyzed by thermogravimetric (TG) and TG analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared, the flame retardancy of the composite paper is analyzed by vertical flammability (VF) tests, limiting oxygen index test and cone calorimetry test, and the morphology of the residue after VF tests is observed by scanning electron microscopy. It is found that, the Ca-Alg releases a large amount of CO 2 before ignited, which delayed the ignited time of the composite paper; FRL reduces the effective combustion heat of composite paper during combustion, and the compact char formed by FRL effectively inhibits the smoldering of Ca-Alg in the end stage of combustion. Based on these, the synergistic flame-retardant effect of composite paper is proposed.

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Highly efficient flame-retardant kraft paper

Cited by 41 publications

References 30 publications

Synthesis of an effective halogen-free flame retardant rich in phosphorus and nitrogen for lyocell fabric

Synthesis of an effective halogen-free flame retardant rich in phosphorus and nitrogen for lyocell fabric

Suppression of Smoldering of Calcium Alginate Flame-Retardant Paper by Flame-Retardant Polyamide-66

Smoldering suppression and synergistic effect of alginate fiber‐based composite paper by flame‐retardant lyocell fiber

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