“…A comparison of typical reaction conditions for the PCN MOFs studied in this work (Supporting Information, Table S6) reveals significant differences in concentrations of the reagents, solvents, temperatures, duration of the reaction, Zr sources, and type of modulators. The choice of modulator is crucial for controlled crystallization of phase pure MOFs. ,, For PCN-222, stronger acidic modulators (dichloroacetic − acid or formic acid − ) are often used, compared to the weaker acids (propionic acid , or acetic acid − ) utilized in the synthesis of PCN-224, PCN-223, and MOF-525. On the other hand, one common modulator, benzoic acid, acts as a “universal modulator” and has been used for all porphyrinic MOFs (Supporting Information, Table S6). ,− In general, temperatures between 65 and 130 °C are preferred, while reaction times are varied in the hours to days range.…”