Highly clean recovery of natural antioxidants from lemon peels: Lactic acid‐based automatic solvent extraction

Toprakçı, Gizem; Toprakçı, İrem; Şahın, Selin

doi:10.1002/pca.3109

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Hydroxycinnamic acids have aromatic ring structure, including caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids, while hydroxylbenzoic acid comprises gallic, vanillic, syringic acids [ 83 ]. Tannins are high-molecular-weight compounds that are of less significance in the human diet [ 84 ].…”

Section: Comparative Assessment Of Citrus Peel Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Chemistry of Citrus Peel: Insights into Nutraceutical Potential and Therapeutic Applications

Munir,

Yaqoob,

Awan

et al. 2024

Foods

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The recent millennium has witnessed a notable shift in consumer focus towards natural products for addressing lifestyle-related disorders, driven by their safety and cost-effectiveness. Nutraceuticals and functional foods play an imperative role by meeting nutritional needs and offering medicinal benefits. With increased scientific knowledge and awareness, the significance of a healthy lifestyle, including diet, in reducing disease risk is widely acknowledged, facilitating access to a diverse and safer diet for longevity. Plant-based foods rich in phytochemicals are increasingly popular and effectively utilized in disease management. Agricultural waste from plant-based foods is being recognized as a valuable source of nutraceuticals for dietary interventions. Citrus peels, known for their diverse flavonoids, are emerging as a promising health-promoting ingredient. Globally, citrus production yields approximately 15 million tons of by-products annually, highlighting the substantial potential for utilizing citrus waste in phyto-therapeutic and nutraceutical applications. Citrus peels are a rich source of flavonoids, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 5.5 g/100 g dry weight, depending on the citrus variety. The most abundant flavonoids in citrus peel include hesperidin and naringin, as well as essential oils rich in monoterpenes like limonene. The peel extracts exhibit high antioxidant capacity, with DPPH radical scavenging activities ranging from 70 to 90%, comparable to synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT. Additionally, the flavonoids present in citrus peel have been found to have antioxidant properties, which can help reduce oxidative stress by 30% and cardiovascular disease by 25%. Potent anti-inflammatory effects have also been demonstrated, reducing inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and TNF-α by up to 40% in cell culture studies. These findings highlight the potential of citrus peel as a valuable source of nutraceuticals in diet-based therapies.

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Section: Comparative Assessment Of Citrus Peel Extraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Chemistry of Citrus Peel: Insights into Nutraceutical Potential and Therapeutic Applications

Munir,

Yaqoob,

Awan

et al. 2024

Foods

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show abstract

“…5 The use of enzymes for the disruption is preferred because of ease of operation, relatively mild conditions, high efficiency and being environmental friendly. 6 Glycoside hydrolases such as cellulase and xylanase, are widely employed for cell wall degradation and disruption to release intracellular components such as oil, 7 protein, 8 antioxidants, 9 and phenolic compounds. 10 CPT was first isolated from the plant Camptotheca acuminata Decne (Nyssaceae) by Wall and Wani in 1966.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of enzyme‐assisted extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and its characterisation

Patil,

Hunasagi,

Raghu

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionEfficient extraction of camptothecin (CPT), an anticancer agent from the commercial source Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb in India, is of paramount importance. CPT is present in the highest concentration in the stem portion, and the stem can be readily harvested without uprooting the plant. The fluorescence microscopy mapping of the bark matrix for CPT revealed its presence in a free form within both the outer (epidermal and cortical tissues) and inner (xylem and phloem tissues) sections. The bark matrix primarily consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, rendering it woody, rigid, and resistant to efficient solvent penetration for CPT extraction. We proposed a hypothesis that subjecting it to disruption through treatment with hydrolytic enzymes like cellulase and xylanase could enhance solvent diffusion, thereby enabling a swift and effective extraction of CPT.ObjectiveThe present study was aimed at enzyme‐assisted extraction, using cellulase and xylanase for hydrolytic disruption of the cells to readily access CPT from the stem of the plant N. nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb.MethodologyThe hydrolytic cell disruption of ground powder from the stem bark was studied using cellulase and xylanase enzymes. The enzymatically pretreated stem bark powder was subsequently recovered by filtration, dried, and subjected to extraction with methanol to isolate CPT. This process was optimised through a Box–Behnken design, employing a one‐factor‐at‐a‐time approach to assess parameters such as enzyme concentration (2–10% w/w), pH (3–7), incubation time (6–24 h), and solid‐to‐solvent ratio (1:30–1:70 g/mL). CPT was characterised using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for quantification.ResultsThe cellulase and xylanase treatment resulted in the highest yields of 0.285% w/w and 0.343% w/w, with efficiencies of 67% and 81%, respectively, achieved in a significantly shorter time compared to the untreated material, which yielded 0.18% with an efficiency of only 42%. Extraction by utilising the predicted optimised process parameters, a nearly two‐fold increase in the yield, was observed for xylanase, with incubation and solvent extraction times set at 16 and 2 h, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the spent material indicated perforations attributed to enzymatic action, suggesting that this could be a primary factor contributing to the enhanced extraction.ConclusionEnzyme‐mediated hydrolytic cell disruption could be a potential approach for efficient and rapid isolation of CPT from the bark of N. nimmoniana.

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Effective recovery of limonene‐rich concentrate from lemon residues using terpene‐based deep eutectic solvents based on statistical experimental design

Horuzoğlu,

Satılmış,

Kurtulbaş

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionWaste by‐products of the juice industry appear valuable for the circular economy concept, considering that the peel accounts for almost half of the total fruit weight. Therefore, the recovery of these highly valuable components from relevant biowaste has become a very interesting research topic.ObjectiveThe current study aims to develop an extraction process integrated with hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on statistical experimental design approach.Material and methodsHomogenizer‐assissted extraction (HAE) was used to recover the citrus extract rich in limonene (the main component of the volatile mixture) from lemon peels. Menthol‐based deep eutectic mixtures were accompanied by carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, and propionic acids). Optimization continued on the combination that gave the highest efficiency (in terms of limonene content) among the solvents prepared at different molar ratios (1/1, 1/2, and 2/1). Process parameters were analyzed to optimize the process through central composite design with response surface method (RSM). D‐Limonene yield was quantified with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) with solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) technique. The quality of the lemon peel extracts was also evaluated with respect to in vitro bioactivity assays (phenolic content and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] free radical scavenging activity).ResultsThe maximum yield (3.80 mg‐limonene per g fresh sample) was achieved by 2 mg solid/30 mL DES, ~53 sec, and ~8500 rpm. Statistically most effective variable was identified as solid mass, followed by second powers of mixing speed and extraction time at p < 0.0001.

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Highly clean recovery of natural antioxidants from lemon peels: Lactic acid‐based automatic solvent extraction

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Unveiling the Chemistry of Citrus Peel: Insights into Nutraceutical Potential and Therapeutic Applications

Unveiling the Chemistry of Citrus Peel: Insights into Nutraceutical Potential and Therapeutic Applications

Optimisation of enzyme‐assisted extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and its characterisation

Effective recovery of limonene‐rich concentrate from lemon residues using terpene‐based deep eutectic solvents based on statistical experimental design

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