Highly active nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene/carbon nanotube composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media

Ratso, Sander; Kruusenberg, Ivar; Vikkisk, Merilin; Joost, Urmas; Shulga, Eugene; Kink, Ilmar; Kallio, Tanja; Tammeveski, Kaido

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.076

Cited by 255 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Natural graphite (Graphit Kropfmühl GmbH, Germany) was chemically oxidized to graphite oxide using a modified Hummers method. 36 1.0 g of graphite and 25 mL concentrated sulfuric acid (Carl Roth GmbH und Co. KG, Germany) were mixed and sonicated for 1 h. At a temperature of 0…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• C. 36,37 Next to pure reduced graphene oxide, also a composite of rGO and ITO as Pt support for PEMFC application was synthesized. 50 mg of rGO was sonicated in 10 mL benzyl alcohol (Carl Roth GmbH und Co. KG, Germany) for 1 h. At the same time, 200.4 mg indium acetylacetonate (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany) and 40.9 mg tin tert-butoxide (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany) were dissolved in 20 mL benzyl alcohol to achieve the desired 10 wt% tin oxide doping.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stability of Pt Nanoparticles on Alternative Carbon Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Schonvogel

Hülstede

Wagner

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Pt supported on carbon black, commonly used as PEM fuel cell catalyst, underlies electrochemical instabilities in terms of carbon corrosion and platinum degradation. To better understand the influence of the support on nature and extent of catalyst aging, Pt was synthesized on four different substrates: Carbon black, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a nanocomposite of indium tin oxide with rGO (ITO-rGO). The four Pt catalysts and the separate supports were studied on their durability using an accelerated stress test (AST, −0.02-1.40 V SHE ). Comparable platinum degradation was shown by losses of electrochemically active surface area (EASA) and activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and by identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM). With respect to the supports, highest instability of carbon black was observed investigating the double layer capacitance and amounts of hydroquinone (HQ) species. MWCNTs showed the lowest degradation. Thus, AST provoked strongly different extents of support aging but similar Pt degradation. In view of complex FC catalyst degradation mechanism, only negligible Pt detachment caused by support degradation and rather dominating Pt dissolution and agglomerationadditionally evidenced by IL-TEM-is assumed here. Regarding ITO-rGO, neither carbon support nor platinum stabilization by ITO nanoparticles has been observed. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are attractive for stationary, portable and automotive applications.1,2 Short response times and simple cell design with low weight and solid electrolyte membranes are some advantages of PEMFCs, especially for the automotive sector. Good performance and high lifetimes are two important criteria for commercialization of fuel cells. Low temperature PEMFCs can reach power densities about 680 mWcm −2 , 3 higher than the power densities of other fuel cell types.1 However, a challenge is the loss of performance with operation time.2,4 The better understanding of physical, thermal, mechanical, chemical and electrochemical processes, leading to the aging of fuel cell components, is indispensable and is therefore one main issue of current fuel cell research. 2,[5][6][7][8] Platinum supported on carbon black represents the commonly used catalyst in fuel cells. Under PEMFC conditions at low pH values and cell voltages of around 1.0 V during no-load or 1.4 V during startstop operation, 9 dissolution of platinum becomes relevant. Pt oxides are formed at potentials higher than 0.6 V SHE , 10 whereas Pt oxides or metallic Pt can dissolve.2 Dissolved Pt underlies Ostwald ripening or simply leaves the cell with the exhaust water stream. Pt ions can migrate into the membrane and be reduced to metallic platinum. 11Especially at potentials above 0.95 V SHE oxygen atoms can replace Pt atoms, so that potential cycling can lead to significant changes of the catalyst particle structure. 2Also instabilities of the catalyst support can result in a reduction of cell performance. Corrosion of carbo...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Pt Nanoparticles on Alternative Carbon Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Schonvogel

Hülstede

Wagner

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The corresponding kinetic current densities were calculated by the Koutechky-Levich (K-L) equation [54]:…”

Section: Electrochemical Measurements 331 Oxygen Reduction Reactiomentioning

confidence: 99%

One step synthesis of chlorine-free Pt/Nitrogen-doped graphene composite for oxygen reduction reaction

Varga

Ballai

et al. 2018

Carbon

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“…The The elemental composition and chemical surrounding of nitrogen species in N-doped nanocarbon materials was characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the results have been presented in a previous paper [53]. The XPS analysis showed clearly that nitrogen doping was successful and four different types of nitrogen species were identified on the surface of carbon materials, from which the main component was pyridinic nitrogen.…”

Section: Physical Characterisation Of N-flg/mwcnt and N-mwcnt Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly active nitrogen-doped nanocarbon electrocatalysts for alkaline direct methanol fuel cell

Kruusenberg

Ratso

Vikkisk

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

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Highly active nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene/carbon nanotube composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media

Cited by 255 publications

References 64 publications

Stability of Pt Nanoparticles on Alternative Carbon Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Stability of Pt Nanoparticles on Alternative Carbon Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

One step synthesis of chlorine-free Pt/Nitrogen-doped graphene composite for oxygen reduction reaction

Highly active nitrogen-doped nanocarbon electrocatalysts for alkaline direct methanol fuel cell

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