“…A few radionuclides form new oxide phases, consisting of Cs and Ba oxides, Xe and Kr trapped as gas bubbles, and metallic inclusion forms dominated by the elements Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd. These 4d series of elements all have low oxygen affinities apart from Mo, which can act as an oxygen buffer in nuclear fuels [3]. These fission product alloys have also been recognized as good hydrogen catalysts.…”