Higher ꞵ-human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen levels during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy are associated with threatened abortion

Xu, Ling; Wang, Qun; Wu, Qiong; Zhong, Yanbo; Li, Yangfang; Xu, Jun; Zhu, Yunheng

doi:10.5582/bst.2019.01111

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A study reports that hormone-HCG and estrogen are closely related to the incidence of threatened abortion. 27 Similar to this study, estradiol levels in women with threatened abortion were lower than those without threatened abortion with an average level of 427.61 pg/mL.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Role of C-Reactive Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Progesterone and Estradiol Hormone Levels in First Trimester Threatened Abortion

Rajuddin¹,

Rizia²,

Nainggolan³

2021

Indones J Obstet Gynecol

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Objective: To assess correlation of High sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), progesterone and estradiol levels in the first trimester threatened abortion incidence in Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh.Methods: Case control design used in this study divided threatened abortion into a case group and normal pregnancy into a control group with a total of 20 subjects for each group. This research was conducted in the Emergency Room and Obstetric Ward of Dr. Zainoel Abidin hospital Banda Aceh in 2019. Eta correlation test was conducted to find out the link between variables towards threatened abortion with 95% confidence level followed by the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis to find out the cut off points.Results: Progesterone levels (14.76 ng/mL), estradiol (427.61 pg/mL), Hs-CRP (2.57 mg/L) and ESR (28.75 mm/hour) case group were lower compared to the control group. Incidence of threatened abortion correlates to progesterone and estradiol with the correlation strength respectively -0.838 and -0.416.Conclusion: Progesterone and estradiol correlate negatively with first-trimester abortion incidence. Evaluation of these two hormones levels is useful for diagnostic purposes and screening of threatened abortion with a cut point of progesterone 23.03 ng/mL and estradiol 468.8 pg/mL.Keywords: C-Reactive Protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, estradiol, progesterone, threatened abortion Abstrak Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai korelasi antara kadar High sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP), Laju Endap Darah (LED), progesteron dan estradiol terhadap kejadian abortus imminens pada trimester pertama di RSUD Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh. Metode: Desain kasus kontrol digunakan dalam penelitian ini dimana kejadian abortus imminens menjadi kelompok kasus dan kehamilan normal menjadi kelompok kontrol dengan jumlah masing-masing kelompok sebanyak 20 sampel. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Instalasi Gawat Darurat dan ruang rawat Obstetri Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Zainoel Abidin (RSUDZA) Banda Aceh pada tahun 2019. Uji korelasi Eta digunakan untuk mengetahui korelasi antar variabel terhadap abortus imminens dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% dilanjutkan dengan analisis Receive Operating Curve (ROC) untuk menentukan titik potong. Hasil: Kadar progesteron (14,76 ng/mL), estradiol (427,61 pg/mL), Hs-CRP (2,57 mg/L) dan LED (28,75 mm/jam) kelompok kasus lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Kejadian abortus imminens berkorelasi terhadap progesteron dan estradiol dengan kekuatan korelasi (R) secara berurutan -0,838 dan -0,416. Kesimpulan: Progesteron dan estradiol berkorelasi negatif terhadap kejadian abortus imminens pada trimester pertama kehamilan. Evaluasi kadar kedua hormon tersebut bermanfaat untuk kepentingan diagnostik dan penapisan abortus imminens dengan titik potong progesteron 23,03 ng/mL dan estradiol 468,8 pg/mL. Kata kunci: abortus imminent, C-Reactive Protein, estradiol, laju endap darah, progesteron

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Role of C-Reactive Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Progesterone and Estradiol Hormone Levels in First Trimester Threatened Abortion

Rajuddin¹,

Rizia²,

Nainggolan³

2021

Indones J Obstet Gynecol

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“…The prediction of TA is complex, as predictive methods are unreliable (22) and the associated underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. A number of previous studies have focused on the association between human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen in TA (23,24). However, the present study aimed to determine the association between the serum levels of VEGF and PlGF in patients with early TA that experienced preterm delivery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Association of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor in early threatened abortion and premature delivery: A case‑control study

Zhang,

Jin,

2023

Exp Ther Med

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) serve key roles in the regulation of vascular development, revascularization and vasopermeability in the endometrium, decidua and trophoblasts. Furthermore, both VEGF and PlGF are modulators of embryonic vascular development. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the serum levels of VEGF and PlGF in female patients with early threatened abortion (TA) who experienced preterm delivery. The present case-control study included 130 pregnant patients with or without TA that were admitted to The Maternal and Childcare Hospital of Nantong University from January 2019 to January 2022. Patients were divided into two groups: i) Group A, which included 55 patients diagnosed with TA with slight vaginal bleeding and closed cervical internal os within the first 6-12 weeks of pregnancy; and ii) group B, which included 75 patients with healthy asymptomatic pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained from all patients and VEGF and PlGF levels were examined prior to treatment, and the chi-squared, Student's t-test and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc analysis were used to analyze statistical differences between the two patient groups. Results of the present study demonstrated that patients with TA had significantly lower levels of VEGF and PlGF, compared with the controls. In patients with or without TA, the levels of serum PlGF in the preterm delivery group were significantly decreased compared with patients that did not experience preterm delivery. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of VEGF between patients with or without preterm delivery. In addition, lower levels of PlGF, compared with those in patients without TA, may be associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery in patients without early TA.

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“…6 However, a recent study found that higher oestrogen levels and β-human chorionic gonadotropin during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy were associated with threatened miscarriag. 31 Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of hormones in threatened miscarriage. 32 Third, al-…”

Section: Ddc Of Progestogens (Yuan)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In group G, progestogens (G03D) were the most prevalent medicines. They were prescribed for 81,080 patients (88.6%), among which oral progesterone (36,297, 39.7%) was the most commonly used, followed by oral dydrogesterone (31,439,34.4%), progesterone injection (23,796,26.0%), oral allylestrenol (661, 0.7%) and progesterone gel (351, 0.4%). In other words, 10,991 (12.0%) patients used more than one progestogen, and the top three combinations were oral dydrogesterone plus progesterone injection (5,138, 5.6%), oral progesterone plus progesterone injection (4,333, 4.7%) and oral dydrogesterone plus oral progesterone (987, 1.1%).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Progestogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐world pharmacological treatment patterns of patients with threatened miscarriage in China from 2014 to 2020: A cross‐sectional analysis

Pang

2021

Clinical Pharmacy Therapeu

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What is known and objective: Approximately half of the patients with threatened miscarriage suffer an abortion, and consistent medication therapy to prevent threatened miscarriage is lacking. Our goal was to investigate the real-world pharmacological treatment patterns of patients with threatened miscarriage in China, with a focus on the trend and rationality of progestogen use over the last 7 years. Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Hospital Prescription Analysis Cooperation Project that is overseen by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. Information was extracted from prescriptions of outpatients with threatened miscarriage between January 2014 and December 2020.We quantified the types of medications using the first level anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification code and the frequency of use of medicines classified as category X by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We also calculated the prevalence of the most frequently used progestogens by assessing prescription rates, determined the sum of the defined daily doses (DDDs) and defined daily cost (DDC) and evaluated the rationality of progestogens according to drug labels and guidelines.Results and discussion: Of the 91,464 patients included in this study, 69.4% were from the eastern region, 92.5% were from tertiary hospitals, and 72.9% were between 25 and 34 years old. The average number of medications per patient was 1.4.The following types of medicines were the most prevalent: "genitourinary system and sex hormones" (90.7%), "alimentary tract and metabolism" (10.8%) and "blood and blood-forming organs" (9.9%). Progestogens were prescribed for 81,080 patients (88.6%), among which oral progesterone (39.7%) was the most commonly used, followed by oral dydrogesterone (34.4%), progesterone injection (26.0%), oral allylestrenol (0.7%) and progesterone gel (0.4%). In other words, 10,991 (12.0%) patients used more than one progestogen, and the top three combinations were oral dydrogesterone plus progesterone injection (5.6%), oral progesterone plus progesterone injection (4.7%) and oral dydrogesterone plus oral progesterone (1.1%). The prescription rate of dydrogesterone increased gradually, whereas that of progesterone, especially progesterone injection, obviously decreased. Among 34,760 prescriptions of progestogens with complete usage information, the primary errors of progestogen use were "low How to cite this article: Pang Y-Y, Ma C-L. Real-world pharmacological treatment patterns of patients with threatened miscarriage in China from 2014 to 2020: A cross-sectional analysis.

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Higher ꞵ-human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen levels during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy are associated with threatened abortion

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Role of C-Reactive Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Progesterone and Estradiol Hormone Levels in First Trimester Threatened Abortion

Role of C-Reactive Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Progesterone and Estradiol Hormone Levels in First Trimester Threatened Abortion

Association of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor in early threatened abortion and premature delivery: A case‑control study

Real‐world pharmacological treatment patterns of patients with threatened miscarriage in China from 2014 to 2020: A cross‐sectional analysis

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