Higher yield and economic benefits are achieved in the macadamia crop by irrigation and intercropping with coffee

Perdoná, Marcos José; Soratto, Rogério Peres

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.01.007

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The diameter of the canopy is the measure that best demonstrates the competition for light and space between the macadamia trees and the coffee plants, making it one of the most important parameters evaluated, and the canopy diameter is an indication of the pruning requirement to maintain mechanized coffee harvesting, which has implications for labor needs and costs. The macadamia cultivars HAES 344 and HAES 816 had the smallest canopy diameter together with the cultivar IAC 4–20, which also had the shortest height and is already known for its small size (Perdoná & Soratto, 2015a; 2016). The results found for canopy height and diameter corroborate those of Perdoná and Soratto (2016), who found that the canopies of Hawaiian macadamia cultivars are taller and narrower and have conical or cylindrical shapes, while the Brazilian macadamia cultivars have round or oval canopies, being lower and wider than those of the Hawaiian cultivars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the need for mechanization of coffee harvesting, unlike previous experiments by Perdoná and Soratto (2015a;, in this case, all macadamia cultivars required pruning to facilitate traffic from the mechanical coffee harvester. Pruning of macadamia branches was performed in June of each year, to a greater or lesser extent, according to the conformation of the canopy.…”

Section: Agronomicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Research conducted from 2006 to 2014 showed that intercropping had a 2.6‐fold increase in land‐use efficiency, higher profitability, faster return on investment (Perdoná et al., 2015b), a 10% increase in coffee yield per area basis under rainfed conditions (Perdoná & Soratto, 2015b), and a 178% increase in economic benefit compared to irrigated coffee monoculture when intercropped with the macadamia cultivar HAES 816, which was the most productive cultivar (Perdoná & Soratto, 2016). In addition, Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping increased macadamia kernel yield 51 and 27% compared to macadamia monoculture under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively (Perdoná & Soratto, 2015a). Perdoná and Soratto (2016) also found that the Hawaiian macadamia cultivars had smaller canopy diameters, which facilitated the mechanization of cultural practices, than Brazilian cultivars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping: Yield and profitability with mechanized coffee harvesting

Perdoná

Soratto

2020

Agronomy Journal

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Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)–macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) intercropping presents benefits at the initial phase; however, coffee yields gradually decline because of shading, and mechanized coffee harvesting may be impeded by the growth of macadamia trees. An experiment was conducted under irrigated conditions in southeastern Brazil to evaluate whether coffee–macadamia intercropping and the use of pruning to allow mechanized coffee harvesting offers agronomic and economic advantages over continuously cropped coffee monoculture (monocropped coffee). In addition, we aimed to evaluate which macadamia cultivar (Hawaiian cultivars; HAES 344, HAES 660, and HAES 816; Brazilian cultivars: IAC 9–20, IAC 4–12B, and IAC 4–20) is most suitable for long‐term intercropping with mechanized coffee harvesting. Hawaiian macadamia cultivars have a narrower canopy, requiring less pruning of the lateral branches to allow the traffic of the mechanical coffee harvester. The macadamia cultivar IAC 4–12B had the highest kernel yield and IAC 4–20 had the lowest yield. Because intercropped treatments have 33.3% fewer coffee plants and their production per plant was reduced by shading, the coffee yield in these treatments was on average 38% lower than that in monocropped coffee. However, due to the sale of the macadamia kernel, coffee–macadamia intercropping was economically superior to coffee monoculture. Depending on the macadamia cultivar, the economic benefit of intercropping was from 9% (IAC 4–20) to 206% (HAES 816 and IAC 4–12B) higher than that achieved with monocrop coffee cultivation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Agronomicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping: Yield and profitability with mechanized coffee harvesting

Perdoná

Soratto

2020

Agronomy Journal

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“…Among the treatments in which the macadamia trees had the greatest growth (T2, T3, and T4), the 8 by 6 m and 12 by 6 m macadamia plant arrangements showed positive economic results (Table 3); that is, the producer would not need to make investments beyond the resources generated by the coffee crop to have the macadamia trees installed and in the production phase. In a study on intercropping modalities of coffee with macadamia in which crops were planted simultaneously, with spacing of 10.5 by 4.9 m for macadamia and 3.5 by 0.7 m for Arabica coffee, Perdoná and Soratto (2015a) found implementation costs of $2,102 ha −1 for macadamia monocropping and $5,331 ha −1 for the coffee-macadamia intercropping. The authors found that the payback occurred 8 yr after planting the crops in the intercropping system.…”

Section: Economicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macadamia intercropping into an inefficient adult coffee plantation is economically advantageous

et al. 2021

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The paper's hypothesis was that intercropping macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) in an Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantation would increase land-use efficiency and economic results. An experiment was conducted in southeastern Brazil to evaluate the planting of macadamia intercropped into a declining adult coffee plantation where trees were pruned, removed, or neither on the payback period compared with a macadamia monoculture. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of four systems of planting macadamia intercropped within a coffee plantation (T1-unpruned coffee trees; T2-side pruning of two coffee trees; T3-stumping of two coffee trees; T4-removal of one coffee tree), and a coffee monocropping and a macadamia monoculture planted where coffee crops were eradicated (macadamia monocropping) as control. We evaluated macadamia plant growth and economic results across four growing seasons and considered three macadamia plant arrangements. At 46 mo after planting, macadamia plants intercropped with unpruned coffee trees had lower plant height (28%) and trunk diameter (63%) than those planted in macadamia monoculture. Treatments T3 and T4 provided greater growth of macadamia plants. Coffee yield losses caused by pruning or removal of coffee trees were not significant, regardless of the macadamia plant arrangement used. The implantation of the macadamia intercropped with an inefficient adult coffee crop proved to be economically more advantageous than the implantation of a macadamia orchard in monoculture.

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“…Moreover, land can be used more efficiently: macadamia growers reported that they have started to intercrop macadamia with coffee. This is a promising strategy, as income is diversified between two crops and coffee is expected to give higher yields [63,64]. We recommend further applied research to explore the best conditions for the intercropping of coffee with macadamia and other cash crops in Nepal.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Prompts Agricultural Innovation in Rural Nepal: A Study Using the Example of Macadamia and Walnut Trees as Novel Cash Crops

Barrueto

Merz²,

Köhler

et al. 2018

Agriculture

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Agricultural innovations are important, especially as climatic conditions around the world have been subject to increasing change over the past decades. Through innovation, farmers can adapt to the changing conditions and secure their livelihoods. In Nepal, 75% of the population depends upon agriculture, which is impacted by climate change, migration, and feminisation. In this context, it is important to understand what drives a household to start agricultural innovation to increase its economic benefits and resilience in the face of multiple pressures. We sought a comprehensive understanding of these drivers by investigating the determinants of rural innovation, using macadamia and walnut trees as examples of novel, potentially commercialised cash crops. After conducting an in-depth household survey that divided farmers into those who cultivate nuts and those who do not, we analysed the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of each category using statistical tests and a multiple logistic regression. Our results show that the individual variables of ethnicity, wealth and "years of experience with fruit trees" correlate significantly with nut cultivation. The results of the multiple regression suggest that "years of experience with tree cultivation" and "having an income through fruit trees" most influence nut cultivation. Overall, we conclude that nut cultivation is an accepted and promising cash crop mostly grown by wealthier households, and that, for poor, landless, or female-headed households to benefit, alternative business models and new policies must be explored and developed. We further suggest that this is also true for other nut or other cash crop trees that have gained recent attention in Nepal such as almond, hazelnut, or pecan farming.

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Higher yield and economic benefits are achieved in the macadamia crop by irrigation and intercropping with coffee

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping: Yield and profitability with mechanized coffee harvesting

Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping: Yield and profitability with mechanized coffee harvesting

Macadamia intercropping into an inefficient adult coffee plantation is economically advantageous

What Prompts Agricultural Innovation in Rural Nepal: A Study Using the Example of Macadamia and Walnut Trees as Novel Cash Crops

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