Higher spherical equivalent refractive errors is associated with slower axial elongation wearing orthokeratology

Fu, Aicun; Chen, Xinglin; Lv, Yong; Shang, Lina; Li, Xiuhong; Zhu, Yu

doi:10.1016/j.clae.2015.07.006

Cited by 46 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We found that a higher baseline myopia was significantly associated with a reduced amount of axial length change following OK wear (R 2 = 0.0586, p<0.01, Fig 2). This is in agreement with a number of previous studies that have reported greater benefits from OK in children with higher myopia, with reduced efficacy of OK in low myopia compared to high myopia [17, 25, 28]. One proposed theory for this effect is that there is a greater degree of corneal steepening in the mid-periphery of higher myopic eyes, thereby having a greater beneficial impact on the peripheral retinal defocus and thus further slowing the stimulus for axial length growth and myopia progression [20, 31].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Baseline SE refractive error may provide a predictive factor in axial length change in myopic children corrected with OK, however previous studies have generated conflicting results in regards to its relationship with axial length change [16, 17, 20, 23–25, 28, 32]. We found that a higher baseline myopia was significantly associated with a reduced amount of axial length change following OK wear (R 2 = 0.0586, p<0.01, Fig 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Earlier studies used classical ultrasound A-scan devices to measure axial length in their OK patients, however, this is a contact technique that may prove difficult and unreliable in children [19, 28]. Many more recent studies now use the non-contact IOLMaster for measurements of axial length due to its high reproducibility, precision, speed and ease of use [16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 30]. The accuracy of its readings has also been shown to be equivalent to that of ultrasound A-scan measurements [37], with Wen et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies comparing OK to other treatment modalities have found that those with a greater degree of baseline myopia experienced less myopic progression [23, 25]. Cho and Cheung reported that older children tended to have reduced axial length elongation, for both OK and spectacle-wearing children, although baseline myopia had no effect on myopia progression [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors related to axial length elongation and myopia progression in orthokeratology practice

Wang

Naidu

2017

PLoS ONE

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PurposeTo investigate which baseline factors are predictive for axial length growth over an average period of 2.5 years in a group of children wearing orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses.MethodsIn this retrospective study, the clinical records of 249 new OK wearers between January 2012 and December 2013 from the contact lens clinic at the Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was axial length change from baseline to the time of review (July-August 2015). Independent variables included baseline measures of age at initiation of OK wear, gender, refractive error (spherical equivalent), astigmatism, average keratometry, corneal toricity, central corneal thickness, white-to-white corneal diameter, pupil size, corneal topography eccentricity value (e-value), intraocular pressure (IOP) and total time in follow-up (months total). The contributions of all independent variables on axial length change at the time of review were assessed using univariate and multivariable regression analyses.ResultsUnivariate analyses of the right eyes of 249 OK patients showed that smaller increases in axial length were associated with older age at the onset of OK lens wear, greater baseline spherical equivalent myopic refractive error, less time in follow-up and a smaller e-value. Multivariable analyses of the significant right eye variables showed that the factors associated with smaller axial length growth were older age at the onset of OK lens wear (p<0.0001), greater baseline spherical equivalent myopic refractive error (p = 0.0046) and less time in follow-up (p<0.0001).ConclusionsThe baseline factors demonstrating the greatest correlation with reduced axial length elongation during OK lens wear in myopic children included greater baseline spherical equivalent myopic refractive error and older age at the onset of OK lens wear.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors related to axial length elongation and myopia progression in orthokeratology practice

Wang

Naidu

2017

PLoS ONE

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“…Higher baseline myopia before orthokeratology use has been associated with slower axial elongation versus control in some studies 27,28 and in a linear regression analysis of three studies, 7 but not in another recent study. 23 Further investigation is needed to clarify this potential correlation.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Controlled Studies Testing the Effect Of mentioning

confidence: 89%

Update on Orthokeratology in Managing Progressive Myopia in Children: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Concerns

Li¹,

Friedman²,

Medow³

et al. 2017

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus

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Myopia is an important public health issue, and high myopia may lead to severe complications if left untreated. Orthokeratology lenses, worn overnight to reshape the cornea, are one of many recent modalities used to slow down the progression of myopia in children. This treatment has been proven successful, as evidenced by decreased spherical refractive error and axial length relative to the control at interval follow-up ranging from 6 months to 5 years. In this systematic review, the authors collected published controlled studies that analyzed the efficacy of orthokeratology lens wear and calculated longitudinal relative changes in axial length, revealing a weighted average of -45.1% change in axial length at the 2-year follow-up. The exact mechanism by which orthokeratology lenses reduce myopia progression is unknown, but research shows that the corneal reshaping decreases peripheral hyperopic defocus and therefore increases peripheral myopic defocus to likely reduce stimuli for axial elongation and subsequent development of myopia. Use of orthokeratology lenses is generally safe, but cases of associated infectious keratitis may have a higher incidence of virulent organisms such as Pseudomonas, Acanthamoeba, and antibacterial-resistant strains of Staphylococcus, partially due to the required overnight use of these lenses. Orthokeratology is regarded as one of the most effective non-pharmacologic measures to slow progression of myopia in children and, with regular follow-up to ensure safety, continues to be one of the most effective treatments for myopia management around the world. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(3):142-148.].

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The measurement of ocular axial length in normal human eyes based on an improved Twyman‐Green interferometer

Wang

Huangfu

Zhou

et al. 2021

Journal of Biophotonics

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In order to meet the demands of myopia prevention, as well as the increasing needs of measurement for refractive and cataract operations in China, a new axial length (AL) measurement system combining an improved Twyman-Green interferometer with digital signal processing has been established. The ALs of 33 eyes of different optical refractive subjects (À8.50~0.50 D) were measured with the New AL and intraocular lens (IOL) master. The repeatability of measurements with the New AL was assessed using coefficient of variation (CoV) and intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC). Comparison, correlation, linear regression and agreement of AL between devices were analyzed. There was good repeatability (CoV = 0.0617%, ICC = 0.9999) with the New AL and great agreement has been obtained with both devices. These show that the New AL is capable of providing precise AL values over the normal AL range compared to the IOL master, and indicate that the New AL developed can be used for routine clinical AL measurements.

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Higher spherical equivalent refractive errors is associated with slower axial elongation wearing orthokeratology

Cited by 46 publications

References 29 publications

Factors related to axial length elongation and myopia progression in orthokeratology practice

Factors related to axial length elongation and myopia progression in orthokeratology practice

Update on Orthokeratology in Managing Progressive Myopia in Children: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Concerns

The measurement of ocular axial length in normal human eyes based on an improved Twyman‐Green interferometer

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