Higher Sodium Intake Assessed by 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The PREVEND Cohort Study

Berg, Eline H. van den; Gruppen, Eke G.; Blokzijl, Hans; Bakker, Stephan J. L.; Dullaart, Robin

doi:10.3390/jcm8122157

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Of the seven identified articles, one had a prospective cohort design (Shen et al, 2019 ), one was case–control (Emamat et al, 2021 ), and the others were cross‐sectional ((Choi et al, 2016 ); (Huh et al, 2015 ); (Portela et al, 2015 ); (van den Berg et al, 2019 ); (Zhou et al, 2021 )). Four studies were done in Asia ((Choi et al, 2016 ); (Emamat et al, 2021 ); (Huh et al, 2015 ); (Shen et al, 2019 )), two in America ((Portela et al, 2015 ); (Zhou et al, 2021 )), and one in Europe (van den Berg et al, 2019 ). All studies were conducted in a population of both genders with an average age of ≥37.2 years old.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sodium intake was estimated either through measurement of dietary sodium ( n = 4) ((Choi et al, 2016 ); (Emamat et al, 2021 ); (Portela et al, 2015 ); (Zhou et al, 2021 )) and salt ( n = 1) (Shen et al, 2019 ) consumption or urinary sodium excretion ((Huh et al, 2015 ); (van den Berg et al, 2019 )). A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) ((Choi et al, 2016 ); (Emamat et al, 2021 )) or two or three 24‐h dietary recalls ((Portela et al, 2015 ); (Zhou et al, 2021 )) were the used dietary assessment tools in the included studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Shojaei‐Zarghani

Safarpour

Fattahi

et al. 2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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Findings on the association of sodium with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conflicting. The present systematic review and meta‐analysis study aimed to assess the association between salt or sodium intake or serum sodium levels and NAFLD risk. Relevant articles were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Proquest, and Embase databases through May 1, 2021, without language restriction. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using Der‐Simonian and Laird method and random‐effects meta‐analysis. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the GRADE method. Out of 6470 documents, 7 epidemiological/observational (1 cohort, 1 case–control, and 5 cross‐sectional) studies on the relationship between dietary salt/sodium intakes and NAFLD risk met our inclusion criteria. The meta‐analysis of all studies showed a significant positive association between the highest salt/sodium intake and NALFD risk (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.19–2.15) with a meaningful heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 96.70%, p‐value <.001). The NAFLD risk was greater in the studies with higher quality (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.24–2.65) or using the equation‐based methods for NAFLD ascertainment (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.29–3.17) or urinary sodium collection as a sodium intake assessment (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.52–4.06). The overall certainty of the evidence was very low. In conclusion, high sodium intake seems to be related to increased NAFLD risk. Further well‐designed studies are needed to clarify this association and shed light on the underlying mechanisms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Shojaei‐Zarghani

Safarpour

Fattahi

et al. 2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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“…Results in dyslipidemic LDLr-KO mice agree with other studies in Wistar rats [ 6 ] and wild-type mice [ 7 ] that showed increased hepatic lipogenesis and dyslipidemia induced by the LS diet. However, observational data in humans associate sodium restriction with a lower odds ratio for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Considering that dietary sodium intake is also related to other nutritional components and alimentary habits, clinical trials are necessary to translate results from murine models to human health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in LDL Receptor Knockout Mice Chronically Fed a Low-Sodium Diet

et al. 2021

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Background: A low-sodium (LS) diet reduces blood pressure, contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, intense dietary sodium restriction impairs insulin sensitivity and worsens lipid profile. Considering the benefits of aerobic exercise training (AET), the effect of LS diet and AET in hepatic lipid content and gene expression was investigated in LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-KO) mice. Methods: Twelve-week-old male LDLr-KO mice fed a normal sodium (NS) or LS diet were kept sedentary (S) or trained (T) for 90 days. Body mass, plasma lipids, insulin tolerance testing, hepatic triglyceride (TG) content, gene expression, and citrate synthase (CS) activity were determined. Results were compared by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test. Results: Compared to NS, LS increased body mass and plasma TG, and impaired insulin sensitivity, which was prevented by AET. The LS-S group, but not the LS-T group, presented greater hepatic TG than the NS-S group. The LS diet increased the expression of genes related to insulin resistance (ApocIII, G6pc, Pck1) and reduced those involved in oxidative capacity (Prkaa1, Prkaa2, Ppara, Lipe) and lipoprotein assembly (Mttp). Conclusion: AET prevented the LS-diet-induced TG accumulation in the liver by improving insulin sensitivity and the expression of insulin-regulated genes and oxidative capacity.

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“…The organ that is particularly exposed to ethanol’s toxic influence and its metabolites is the liver, whose function is to deal with metabolic changes of alcohol [ 61 , 62 ]. Liver damage caused by ethanol’s chronic consumption is also noticeable in laboratory tests [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Activity of N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase in the Blood, Urine, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Vitreous Humor Died People Due to Alcohol Intoxication

Ptaszyńska-Sarosiek

Chojnowska

Szajda

et al. 2020

JCM

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Background: The article aimed to assess the activity of the hexosaminidase (HEX) and its HEX A and HEX B isoenzymes in persons who suddenly died due to ethanol poisoning and explain the cause of their death. Methods: The research involved two groups of the deceased group A—22 people (20 males, 2 females; the average age 46 years) who died due to alcohol intoxication (with the blood alcohol content of 4‰ and above in all biological materials at the time of death—blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor), and group B—30 people (22 males, 8 females; the average age 54 years), who died suddenly due to other reasons than alcohol. Results: The highest activity of the HEX was found in the serum of A and B groups. A significantly lower activity of HEX, HEX A, and HEX B was observed in the urine of group A in comparison to the sober decedents. Conclusion: The lower activity of HEX and its isoenzymes in the dead’s urine due to ethanol poisoning may suggest its usefulness as a potential marker of harmful alcohol drinking. Damage done to the kidneys by ethanol poisoning may be one of the possible mechanisms leading to death. Kidneys may be damaged intravitally via the inflammatory agent. Thus, it is necessary to conduct further research to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of exoglycosidases while determining the death mechanisms of people who lost their lives due to ethanol poisoning.

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Higher Sodium Intake Assessed by 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The PREVEND Cohort Study

Cited by 17 publications

References 54 publications

Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Sodium in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in LDL Receptor Knockout Mice Chronically Fed a Low-Sodium Diet

The Activity of N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase in the Blood, Urine, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Vitreous Humor Died People Due to Alcohol Intoxication

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