Higher resistance to herbivory in introduced compared to native populations of a seaweed

Forslund, Helena; Wikström, Sofia A.; Pavia, Henrik

doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1767-1

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, few studies have conducted biogeographical comparisons in generalist-dominated systems, such as for invasive aquatic plants ( Fig. 1; Prior and Hellmann 2015; except see Vermeij et al 2009;Forslund et al 2010). We argue that it is premature to discount the importance of enemy release in generalist-dominated systems especially given that prey in some of these systems can experience strong native enemy effects by generalist enemies (Fig.…”

Section: E I (Specialistdominated)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Insights from community ecology into the role of enemy release in causing invasion success: the importance of native enemy effects

et al. 2014

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The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) predicts that the success of invasive species is caused by reduced enemy pressure in species' introduced ranges. The ERH is a highly-cited explanation for invasion success, yet rigorous evidence is lacking for most species and ecosystems. Most evidence comes from observations of enemies in native and introduced ranges. These studies assess one aspect of the ERH-''enemy loss.'' They do not provide a direct test of the ERH and overlook the assumption of ''native enemy effects.'' This is a critical limitation as enemy release will not occur if enemies do not affect species in their native ranges, even if enemy loss occurs. Biogeographical experiments, providing a direct test of the ERH, are largely restricted to terrestrial plants. We present a synthesis of community ecology and invasion biology studies, including a novel meta-analysis of native enemy effects, to assess the potential for release for species in different taxonomic groups and ecosystems. We suggest that species that are subject to strong enemy effects in their native range will have a high potential for enemy release. We found that native enemy effects were stronger in aquatic systems than in terrestrial systems. They were particularly weak for terrestrial plants; and strong for marine organisms, and freshwater plants. Studies are needed for species that have strong potential for release, such as for aquatic invasive species. Alternative explanations should be explored for invasive species that are not affected by enemies in their native range, and future studies should emphasize native enemy effects rather than only enemy loss.Keywords Community interactions Á Enemy release hypothesis Á Invasion success Á Invasive species Á Topdown effects Á Native and introduced range Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Section: E I (Specialistdominated)mentioning

confidence: 94%

Insights from community ecology into the role of enemy release in causing invasion success: the importance of native enemy effects

et al. 2014

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“…Data are means with SE. Forslund et al (2010) stating that (1) the success of rangeexpanding plants in systems where pressure from generalist enemies is intense and dominating will depend on the resistance towards these enemies, where well-defended species or genotypes are more likely to establish, and that (2) increased enemy pressure in the new compared to the native range can be predicted to increase selection pressure for traits that confer biotic resistance (Forslund et al 2010). Adaptive evolution in range-expanding species is promoted when gene exchange is restricted with the source populations and do not counteract the effect of local selection in the new range (Kawecki and Ebert 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased resistance towards generalist herbivory in the new range of a habitat‐forming seaweed

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Interactions between plants and their biotic environment can drastically change during rangeexpansion and result in rapid adaptive evolution of plant traits. According to the influential evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis escape from specialist natural enemies will lead to a reduction in defense levels, but the way in which generalist consumers in the new ranges affect the evolution of plant defenses remains poorly understood. We conducted a four month controlled environment experiment to examine if the high densities of the generalist herbivore Idotea baltica in the Baltic Sea have selected for increased grazer-resistance in Fucus vesiculosus, a North Atlantic seaweed that has expanded into large parts of the brackish Baltic Sea. Genetic analysis using microsatellites showed that the sampled populations are genetically distinct, which strongly suggests that traits under divergent selection may readily diverge and populations evolve local adaptations. Feeding trials and measurements of defense metabolites, i.e., phlorotannins, showed that F. vesiculosus from the Baltic Sea was least preferred and contained more than 50% higher constitutive levels of phlorotannins than conspecifics in the North Sea (Skagerrak), while algae from the Ö resund, one of the sounds connecting the Baltic Sea to the Skagerrak, had intermediate resistance levels both in terms of grazer preference and phlorotannin levels. These results suggest that the higher grazing pressure on F. vesiculosus expanded into the Baltic Sea has resulted in the evolution of increased resistance towards generalist grazing.

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“…In comparison to the number of studies focusing on the role of antiherbivore defences facilitating plant invasions (e.g. Forslund, Wikström & Pavia ; Hammann et al . , ), the importance of algal antifouling defences (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid adaptation to controlling new microbial epibionts in the invaded range promotes invasiveness of an exotic seaweed

et al. 2016

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Summary Rapid adaptation to novel biotic interactions and abiotic factors in introduced ranges can be critical to invasion success of both exotic terrestrial and aquatic plants. Seaweeds are extremely successful biological invaders in marine environments. Along with herbivores, foulers − ubiquitous enemies in the marine environment − have the potential to determine the success or failure of invasive seaweeds. However, research on the topic of rapid adaptation of seaweeds to biotic challenges is still in its nascent stages and rapid adaptation of seaweeds to fouling is unexplored. We tested whether the impressive invasion success of the red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla may be enhanced by the rapid adaptation of chemical control (defence) of new bacterial epibionts in the invaded range. The native and invasive G. vermiculophylla populations investigated were equally well defended against currently co‐occurring bacterial epibionts isolated from their respective ranges. In contrast, the native populations were weakly defended against bacterial epibionts from the invaded range, whereas the invasive populations were weakly defended against bacterial epibionts from their native range. Apparently during the invasion process, invasive populations have adapted their control capacity to cope with the new epibionts but have lost the capacity to fend off old epibionts. Synthesis. These results provide the first evidence that a change in habitat and, thus, confrontation by new enemies, may trigger rapid defence adaptation of seaweeds, which could be necessary for invasiveness. Such adaptation dynamics as found in the current study could be also applicable to other types of host plant – enemy interaction e.g. plant root – microbe interactions, freshwater plant – fouler interactions in general and for cases of shifting plant – enemy interactions in course of climate change.

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Higher resistance to herbivory in introduced compared to native populations of a seaweed

Cited by 25 publications

References 51 publications

Insights from community ecology into the role of enemy release in causing invasion success: the importance of native enemy effects

Insights from community ecology into the role of enemy release in causing invasion success: the importance of native enemy effects

Increased resistance towards generalist herbivory in the new range of a habitat‐forming seaweed

Rapid adaptation to controlling new microbial epibionts in the invaded range promotes invasiveness of an exotic seaweed

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