“…Ecologists have long hypothesized that these interaction modifications, or "Higher-order interactions" (HOIs), are a common phenomena in both competitive (Case and Bender, 1981;Worthen and Moore, 1991;Billick and Case, 1994;Wissinger and Jill, 1993;Mayfield and Stou er, 2017) and food web contexts (Morin et al, 1988;Wissinger and Jill, 1993;Paterson et al, 2015). But it has not been until recent years that researchers have systematically explored how these HOIs-mediated changes in per capita interactions modulate the dynamics and the functioning of ecological communities (Bairey et al, 2016;Grilli et al, 2017;Letten and Stou er, 2019;Kleinhesselink et al, 2019;Singh and Baruah, 2019;Li, Bearup, et al, 2020). To date, most e orts are theoretical, partly due to the di culty in gathering rigorous datasets to quantify HOIs.…”