Higher order affordances for reaching: Perception and performance

Wagman, Jeffrey B.; Cialdella, Vincent; Stoffregen, Thomas A.

doi:10.1177/1747021818784403

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Thus, our findings emphasized that irrespective of skill level, climbers were calibrated and therefore affordance perception was scaled to MAC (see Table 3). This finding supports previous research in reaching and grasping, which demonstrates that affordances are scaled to MAC (Pepping & Li, 2000;Wagman & Morgan, 2010), especially when reaching is goal-orientated and combines nested actions (Croft et al, 2018;Pepping & Li, 2008;Wagman et al, 2019). Because calibration of perception-action did not differ with skill level-as also shown for a basic overhead reaching task within climbers (Whitaker et al, 2020)-our study suggests that to improve climbing skill from an intermediate to an advanced level and to perceive new opportunities for action, MAC may need to be enhanced (for similar suggestion, see Knobelsdorff et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The influence of skill and task complexity on perception of nested affordances

Seifert

Dicks

Wittmann

et al. 2021

Atten Percept Psychophys

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This study investigated how skill level and task complexity influence the calibration of perception–action and particularly how close an individual acts relative to his or her maximal action capabilities. Complexity was manipulated between two (Touch, Grasp) and more than two (Removing, Moving Up) nested affordance conditions. For all conditions, we examined whether advanced climbers had greater maximal action capabilities than intermediate climbers or whether they better scaled their action (i.e., acted nearer to their maximal action capabilities) or both. Eleven intermediate and 11 advanced male climbers were first asked to estimate the maximum distance that they could reach a climbing hold. The hold was moved along a slide and fixed once requested by the participant; subsequently, the distance to the starting hold was measured. After each estimation, the participant was required to execute the climbing action. After four estimation-action trials in each of the four conditions, the maximal action capability (i.e., actual maximal reaching distance) was determined. Advanced climbers demonstrated greater actual maximal reaching distances than intermediate climbers for all conditions, but they only estimated greater maximal reaching distances for the more complex conditions, which featured more than two nested affordances. When estimated maximal reaching distances were scaled to actual maximal reaching distances, advanced climbers did not differ from intermediate climbers for any condition, and there were no differences between conditions. Our findings indicate that expertise was a function of greater action capabilities, but not due to the accuracy of calibration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The influence of skill and task complexity on perception of nested affordances

Seifert

Dicks

Wittmann

et al. 2021

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Consistent with this idea, research has shown that perception of whether an object can be reached depends not only on the fit between arm length and object location but also on the nested context in which that reaching occurs. For example, perception of maximum horizontal reaching distance additionally depends on the posture from which reaching would be performed and the stability of the support surface (Carello, Grosofsky, Reichel, Solomon, & Turvey, 1989;Mark et al, 1997), and perception of maximum vertical reaching distance additionally depends on the means by which reaching would be performed (Wagman, Cialdella, & Stoffregen, 2019;Wagman & Morgan, 2010).…”

Section: Nested Affordancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

It doesn’t add up: Nested affordances for reaching are perceived as a complex particular

Wagman

Stoffregen

2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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In the Ecological Approach to Perception and Action, affordances are emergent, higher-order relationships in an animalenvironment system. In addition, perceivers should perceive such relationships directly, rather than by combining lower-order constituents of the affordance, such as non-affordance properties of the animal or the environment. In the present study, we investigated whether this latter claim applied to perception of superordinate affordancesaffordances that emerge from relations between lower-order affordances. We asked whether perception of a superordinate affordance for reaching by different means would be reducible to a combination of lower-order constituents of that affordance. Participants reported the maximum height that they would be able to reach with their arm alone versus with a hand-held tool. In both cases, reported judgments of maximum reaching height differed from an additive model in which values were computed from a combination of perceived lower-order constituents of the affordance. The results are consistent with the ecological claim that affordances are perceived, "as such," rather than being computed or inferred from constituent properties, even when those constituent properties are, themselves, affordances.

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“…At every level of the hierarchy, affordances are simultaneously constrained by lower levels (i.e., by lower order affordances or means of performing a given behaviour) but also by higher levels (i.e., higher order affordances or goals for performing a given behaviour). In the context of reaching for an object, affordances for reaching are nested within affordances for maintaining (or changing) posture (i.e., how the reaching is to occur) and the goal of reaching (i.e., why the reaching is occurring; Wagman et al, 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%