Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: A register study

Leentjens, Albert F.G.; Akker, Marjan van den; Metsemakers, Job; Lousberg, Richel; Verhey, Frans R.J.

doi:10.1002/mds.10387

Cited by 303 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A case-control study nested within a general practitioner database [564] also reported increased risk related to history of depression (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.1-2.7). Average duration between first depressive episode and diagnosis of PD was 10 years, but with large variation.…”

Section: Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Average duration between first depressive episode and diagnosis of PD was 10 years, but with large variation. No analyses focusing on time between onset of depression and PD were performed, but the authors noted that depression seemed to be more common shortly before PD diagnosis [564], questioning whether depression was an early manifestation of PD. Following individuals with and without depression for subsequent PD diagnosis using the same database also showed increased PD risk (HR 3.13, 95% CI 1.95-5.01, for depressed versus non-depressed individuals) [565].…”

Section: Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

et al. 2011

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Section: Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

et al. 2011

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“…14,73,74 It is an adequate screening measure for dPD, but, like all scales and diagnostic criteria that include somatic items, it overlaps with core PD symptoms. As an observer-rated scale, it requires training, and self-report questionnaires may be more appropriate as screening instruments for dPD in routine clinical neurological clinics or in largescale epidemiological studies.…”

Section: Suitability For Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations

Schrag¹,

Barone²,

Brown³

et al. 2007

Movement Disorders

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572

348

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Depression is a common comorbid condition in Parkinson's disease (PD) and a major contributor to poor quality of life and disability. However, depression can be difficult to assess in patients with PD due to overlapping symptoms and difficulties in the assessment of depression in cognitively impaired patients. As several rating scales have been used to assess depression in PD (dPD), the Movement Disorder Society commissioned a task force to assess their clinimetric properties and make clinical recommendations regarding their use. A systematic literature review was conducted to explore the use of depression scales in PD and determine which scales should be selected for this review. The scales reviewed were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Scale (Ham-D), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part I, Cornell Scale for the Assessment of Depression in Dementia (CSDD), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Seven clinical researchers with clinical and research experience in the assessment of dPD were assigned to review the scales using a structured format. The most appropriate scale is dependent on the clinical or research goal. However, observer-rated scales are preferred if the study or clinical situation permits. For screening purposes, the HAM-D, BDI, HADS, MADRS, and GDS are valid in dPD. The CES-D and CSDD are alternative instruments that need validation in dPD. For measurement of severity of depressive symptoms, the Ham-D, MADRS, BDI, and SDS scales are recommended. Further studies are needed to validate the CSDD, which could be particularly useful for the assessment of severity of dPD in patients with comorbid dementia. To account for overlapping motor and nonmotor symptoms of depression, adjusted instrument cutoff scores may be needed for dPD, and scales to assess severity of motor symptoms (e.g., UPDRS) should also be included to help adjust for confounding factors. The HADS and the GDS include limited motor symptom assessment and may, therefore, be most useful in rating depression severity across a range of PD severity; however, these scales appear insensitive in severe depression. The complex and time-consuming task of developing a new scale to measure depression specifically for patients with PD is currently not warranted.

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“…Non-motor signs: prevalence, respective level of functional disability and potential role as premotor signs of Parkinson's disease 15,16,17,18,19,35,43,44,45,47,48,49,51,52,53,60 . healthy elderly individuals, those with proven olfactory deficit had a higher risk of developing symptomatic PD clinical and when they remained asymptomatic, these individuals presented LB in the SNc on post-mortem examination.…”

Section: Olfactory Deficitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another epidemiological study found similar results with a chance of 2.95 times for the occurrence of PD in individuals with depression. In these studies and in the literature in general, depression is considered a risk factor, as well as family history and life in a rural environment, but not necessarily a pre-motor symptom 44 .…”

Section: Behavioral Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: a review

Munhoz

Moro

Silveira‐Moriyama

et al. 2015

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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The traditional pathological description of PD as a pre-synaptic degenerative process affecting dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain with formation of Lewy bodies (LB) has changed dramatically in the last decade since functional and neuropathological studies showed the occurrence of extensive extranigral involvement 1 . Among these investigations, the seminal study of Braak et al. 2 suggested that the degenerative process in the PD starts in the caudal regions of the brainstem and the olfactory bulb, progressing in the caudal-rostral direction. The involvement of the SNc occurs, according to this hypothesis, on the third of a six-stage process that begins in the dorsal motor nuclei of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and the olfactory bulb. Although it demonstrates the occurrence of this peculiar pathological distribution, the study fails to make the clinical correlation between any of these changes and motor or non-motor manifestations. On the other hand, even considering this caveat, it was one of the studies that formed the basis and motivated the dissemination of the concept of the existence of non-motor signs (NMS), especially dysautonomia, olfaction and sleep disorders, as part of the disease, sometimes even preceding the classic motor symptoms of PD.The motor aspects of PD typically have a slow progression and direct correlation with the presence of neuronal degeneration in the SNc, but they do not represent the actual beginning of the degenerative process. This process is, in fact, in full progression, despite been apparently silent when one seeks only for motor signs 3 . EXTRANIGRAL DEGENERATIONThe notion of PD as a multisystemic disease, not restricted to the nigrostriatal tract is not new, however the cited ABSTRACTDuring the past decade the view of Parkinson's disease (PD) as a motor disorder has changed significantly and currently it is recognized as a multisystem process with diverse non-motor signs (NMS). In addition to been extremely common, these NMS play a major role in undermining functionality and quality of life. On the other hand, NMS are under recognized by physicians and neglected by patients. Here, we review the most common NMS in PD, including cognitive, psychiatric, sleep, metabolic, and sensory disturbances, discuss the current knowledge from biological, epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic standpoints, highlighting the need for early recognition and management.Keywords: Parkinson's disease, non-motor signs, dementia, hyposmia, psychosis. RESUMONo decorrer da última década, a visão da doença de Parkinson (DP) como um distúrbio de movimento puro mudou significativamente, sendo atualmente reconhecida como um processo multisistêmico com diversos sinais não motores (SNM). Além de serem extremamente comuns, estes SNM têm um impacto muito significativo na limitacão funcional e da qualidade de vida na DP. Por outro lado, os SNM são mal reconhecidos pelos clínicos e negligenciados pelos pacientes. Nessa revisão os SNM mais comuns na DP fo...

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Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: A register study

Cited by 303 publications

References 37 publications

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations

Non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: a review

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