“…The role of international organisations (IOs) in global and/or European education policy-making has received considerable attention in the scientific community (Caspersen and Frølich, 2017;Jakobi, 2009;Kleibrink, 2011;Portnoi, 2016), particularly their role in the establishment of the European qualifications framework (EQF), a key European policy instrument for lifelong learning (LLL) (Elken, 2015), and the national qualifications frameworks (NQFs) whose establishment have also been strongly supported by various IOs around the globe (Chakroun, 2010;Raffe, 2013). Nevertheless, there is still much to be learned about their impact on national education systems, policies and practices (Portnoi, 2016) and the application of the policies from IOs to the national level (Crossley, 2019;Jakobi, 2009).…”