“…Scholars have described difficulties met by Arab students when they attempt to enter Israel's HE institutes, including their disadvantaged status due to deficient resources of the Arab education system (Mazawi, 1999) and the need for Hebrew and English proficiency (second and third languages for Arab students) (Abu-Rabia-Queder and Arar, 2011;Al-Haj, 2003;Arar and Oplatka, 2011). The most significant difficulty, especially for Arab women students is the cultural difference between Arab-Muslim traditional communities and "western" Israeli campuses that expose Arab students to a mix of ethnicities and nationalities and different attitudes concerning gender (Arar et al, 2013;Erdreich, 2006), even to the extent of "culture shock" ( John, 1989;Oplatka and Lapidot, 2012). This is especially so when exposure to Israeli cultural norms is accompanied by emotional and financial difficulties, engendering anxiety and a sense of alienation (Abu-Rabia-Queder and Arar, 2011;Arar and Oplatka, 2011).…”