Higher depressive symptoms in early adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder by self- and parent-report compared to typically-developing peers

Schwartzman, Jessica M.; Corbett, Blythe A.

doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101613

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Our findings imply gender difference of comorbid SSD may specifically swell in AS. On the other hand, our findings of no gender difference on developing BD and MDD in each subtype of ASD were consistent with several studies showing no associations between gender difference concerning the comorbid depression [Greenlee, Mosley, Shui, Veenstra‐VanderWeele, & Gotham, 2016; Hurtig et al, 2009; Schwartzman & Corbett, 2020]. As far as we know, most studies focused on the risk of comorbidity in ASD have not adjusted ASD‐associated neurodevelopmental conditions, such as cerebral palsy or epilepsy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Comorbidity of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Mood Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Chien

Tsai

2020

Autism Research

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Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are often diagnosed with at least one or more accompanying disorders. Most studies reported prevalence of the psychiatric comorbidities among these individuals; however, the incidence of developing comorbidities is unclear. This study used Taiwan's claims database and aimed to investigate the incidence of developing major psychiatric comorbidities in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and whether the incidence was moderated by gender, autism‐spectrum disorder subtypes, and autism‐associated neurodevelopmental conditions. A total of 3,837 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (2,929 autistic disorder, 447 Asperger syndrome, 461 pervasive developmental disorder‐not otherwise specified) and 38,370 comparison subjects, who were matched by age and gender, were included. The incidences of schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, and major depressive disorders was examined. The results showed that the incidences of schizophrenia spectrum (9.7 per 1,000 person‐year), bipolar disorder (7.0 per 1,000 person‐year), and major depressive disorder (3.2 per 1,000 person‐year) were significantly higher than the comparison group across all three subtypes of autism‐spectrum disorder. Individuals with pervasive developmental disorder‐not otherwise specified had higher risk for major depressive disorder than autistic disorder. Females with Asperger syndrome had significant higher risk for schizophrenia spectrum than males. The comorbidity rate dramatically dropped when the autism‐associated neurodevelopmental conditions were taken into account. Our findings suggested that the incidences of major psychiatric comorbidities were higher in autism spectrum disorder and influenced by autism subtypes, gender, and autism‐associated neurodevelopmental conditions. Lay Summary We examined whether people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have higher incidence of schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and major depression using a large claims database. The results showed the incidences of these mental illness among individual with ASD were significantly higher than those without ASD. In addition, the incidences were influenced by autism subtypes, gender, and comorbid neurodevelopmental conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Comorbidity of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Mood Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Chien

Tsai

2020

Autism Research

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“…Fourth, measures of pubertal timing and/ or status were not examined in relation to depressive symptoms. Fifth, while the CDI has been used in autistic children and adolescents (Schwartzman & Corbett, 2020), it has not been validated for autistic youth, and thus, it remains possible that some differences in observed CDI-2 item/scale scores reflect ASD-associated differences in item response tendencies rather than true differences in depressive symptomatology (Williams et al, 2021). Sixth, though the sample mirrored demographics of the general area from which participants were recruited, the sample was not diverse in terms of ethnic and racial identities, which limits the generalizability of findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic- and sex-based differences in depression symptoms in autistic and neurotypical early adolescents

Schwartzman

Williams

Corbett

2021

Autism

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Prevalence rates of depression are higher in autistic youth than neurotypical peers, yet the effects of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and sex on depressive symptom severity remain incompletely understood, particularly in specific age groups. Using the Children’s Depression Inventory, Second Edition, this study explored diagnostic- and sex-based differences in depressive symptom severity in a sample of 212 autistic and neurotypical early adolescents (10:0–13:5 years). Significant group differences were found according to autism spectrum disorder diagnosis [ d = 0.587, 95% confidence interval (0.308, 0.867)] and sex [ d = 0.365, 95% confidence interval (0.089, 0.641)], with more depressive symptoms endorsed in the autism spectrum disorder and female groups. However, the interaction of diagnosis and sex was not significant, suggesting an additive risk of autism spectrum disorder status and female sex. Item-level analyses showed diagnostic differences on nearly half of the CDI-2 items with higher severity in the autism spectrum disorder group (Probability of Superiority range = 0.42–0.65), differences within the sexes, and differences by diagnosis, which persisted when limiting analyses to children with high levels of depressive symptoms. A more nuanced understanding of symptom endorsement and the roles of diagnosis and sex may uncover salient intervention targets for depression in the unique context of autism spectrum disorder. Lay abstract Depression is more common in autistic adolescents than their neurotypical peers, but the effects of diagnosis and sex on the severity and types of depressive symptoms remain unclear. The study explored diagnostic- and sex-based differences in depressive symptoms in 212 autistic and neurotypical early adolescents. Results show that autism spectrum disorder and female may pose elevated risks, and depressive symptoms related to interpersonal problems and negative self-esteem are more frequent in autism spectrum disorder. Autistic males and females endorsed similar severity and type of depressive symptoms, but unique differences emerged when compared to sex-matched neurotypical peers. Exploratory analyses in a clinical subsample of early adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms (Children’s Depression Inventory, Second Edition, Total T-score ⩾60) revealed more endorsement of beliefs of worthlessness in autistic early adolescents. Findings suggest initial intervention targets for treating depression in autistic early adolescents.

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“…Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often exhibit co‐occurring depression (Bitsika & Sharpley, 2015). However, most of the previous research on depression in autism has been done on samples of autistic males (DeFilippis, 2018), despite sex having been reported as a covariate of depression in autistic youth (Schwartzman & Corbett, 2020), and the higher prevalence of depression in females than males in the general population (Weissman et al., 1993). This sex difference in depression prevalence may, or may not, generalise to autistic girls, but the rationale for studying depression among autistic girls remains strong because of the dearth of previous information on this issue, and the inhibiting effect that depression can have upon personal and academic development and success (Frojd et al., 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological, psychosocial, and environmental factors in depression among autistic girls

Sharpley

Bitsika

McMillan

et al. 2021

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Autism Spectrum Disorder and depression are often co‐occurring in young people. However, despite the association between these two disorders, and the fact that females have a higher prevalence of depression than males in the general population, there is little reported evidence regarding the correlates of depression in young autistic females. Several physiological (age, menarche, HPA‐axis responses), psychological (social anxiety), and environmental or genetic (mothers’ depression) factors were tested for their contribution to depression severity in a sample of 53 autistic girls aged 6 yr to 17 yr. Depression scores were collected from the girls’ self‐ratings and also from the ratings their mothers gave them. Regression results indicated that girls’ social anxiety, age, and mothers’ depression were common significant contributors to both sets of depression scores, but with different effects. Autistic girls’ self‐reports of their depression were significantly associated with their HPA‐axis responses but not with their menarche status. Implications for research and clinical settings are discussed.

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Higher depressive symptoms in early adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder by self- and parent-report compared to typically-developing peers

Cited by 25 publications

References 90 publications

The Comorbidity of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Mood Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Comorbidity of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Mood Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Diagnostic- and sex-based differences in depression symptoms in autistic and neurotypical early adolescents

Physiological, psychosocial, and environmental factors in depression among autistic girls

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